Reducing the duration and frequency of blackouts in remote communities poses an engineering challenge for grid operators. Outage effects can also be mitigated locally through microgrids. This paper develops a systematic procedure to account for these challenges by creating microgrids prioritizing high value assets within vulnerable communities. Nighttime satellite imagery is used to identify vulnerable communities. Using an asset classification and rating system, multi-asset clusters within these communities are prioritized. Infrastructure data, geographic information systems, satellite imagery, and spectral clustering are used to form and rank microgrid candidates. A microgrid sizing algorithm is included to guide through the microgrid design process. An application of the methodology is presented using real event, location, and asset data.
References
1.
R.
Jamshad
, M.
Qureshi
, and S.
Grijalva
, “Geographic information systems (GIS) image analysis for prioritizing power system restoration
,” in 2018 Clemson University Power Systems Conference
(PSC), 2018
.2.
M. O.
Roman
, E. C.
Stokes
, R.
Shrestha
, Z.
Wang
, L.
Schultz
, E. A. S.
Carlo
, and e.
al
, “Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria
,” PloS One
14
, e0218883
(2019
).3.
L.
Yang
, Y.
Zhao
, C.
Wang
, P.
Gao
, and J.
Hao
, “Resilience-oriented hierarchical service restoration in distribution system considering microgrids
,” IEEE Access
7
, 152729
–152743
(2019
).4.
M.
Braun
et al, “The future of power system restoration: Using distributed energy resources as a force to get back online
,” IEEE Power Energy Mag.
16
(6
), 30
–41
(2018
).5.
M. S.
Saleh
, A.
Althaibani
, Y.
Esa
, Y.
Mhandi
, and A. A.
Mohamed
, “Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts
,” in 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE)
, 2015
.6.
I.
Dudurych
, “The impact of renewables on operational security: Operating power systems that have extremely high penetrations of nonsynchronous renewable sources
,” IEEE Power Energy Mag.
19
(2
), 37
–45
(2021
).7.
H.
Chen
and E.
Cotilla-Sanchez
, “A power-balanced clustering algorithm to improve electrical infrastructure resiliency
,” in 20th Power Systems Computation Conference
, Dublin, Ireland, 2018
.8.
L.
Che
, X.
Zhang
, M.
Shahidehpour
, A.
Alabdulwahab
, and A.
Abusorrah
, “Optimal interconnection planning of community microgrids with renewable energy sources
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
8
(3
), 1054
–1063
(2017
).9.
M.
Rosenberg
, J.
Fletcher
, M.
Reynolds
, T.
French
, and L.
While
, “Identifying isolated microgrids in rural areas: An evolutionary algorithm approach for a graph clustering problem
,” in 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)
, 2019
.10.
R.
Biswas
, A.
Pal
, T.
Werho
, and V.
Vittal
, “A graph theoretic approach to power system vulnerability identification
,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.
36
(2
), 923
–935
(2021
).11.
M.
Lugo-Alvarez
, R.
Broderick
, and E.
Ortiz-Rivera
, “Strategic placement and design of microgrids using nighttime imagery
,” in 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)
, 2020
.12.
R.
Pasch
, A.
Penny
, and R.
Berg
, Hurricane Maria (AL152017)
(National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
, 2019
).13.
M.
Lugo-Alvarez
, “Improving energy resource availability and resilience with the strategic placement of microgrids
,” Master's thesis (University of Puerto Rico
, Mayaguez, 2019
).14.
M. O.
Román
, Z.
Wang
, Q.
Sun
, V.
Kalb
, S. D.
Miller
et al, “NASA's black marble nighttime lights product suite
,” Remote Sens. Environ.
210
, 113
–143
(2018
).15.
United States Census Bureau
, see https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-data.2010.html “Geographies: TIGER/Line With Selected Demographic and Economic Data
” (2010
).16.
U. S. Department of Homeland Security
, see https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/ “Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD) Open Data
” (2017
).17.
18.
See https://maps.google.com/ “
Google Maps
” (last accessed October 17, 2021).19.
S.
Chalil Madathil
et al, “Resilient off-grid microgrids: Capacity planning and N-1 security
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
9
(6
), 6511
–6521
(2018
).20.
S.
Mashayekh
et al, “Security-constrained design of isolated multi-energy microgrids
,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.
33
(3
), 2452
–2462
(2018
).21.
G.
Goodall
, M.
Scioletti
, A.
Zolan
, B.
Suthar
, A.
Newman
, and P.
Kohl
, “Optimal design and dispatch of a hybrid microgrid system capturing battery fade
,” Optim. Eng.
20
(1
), 179
–213
(2018
).22.
M.
Scioletti
, A.
Newman
, J.
Goodman
, A.
Zolan
, and S.
Leyffer
, “Optimal design and dispatch of a system of diesel generators, photovoltaics and batteries for remote locations
,” Optim. Eng.
18
(3
), 755
–792
(2017
).23.
See https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/commercial-and-residential-hourly-load-profiles-for-all-tmy3-locations-in-the-united-state-bbc75 “
Catalog.data.gov. 2021. Commercial and Residential Hourly Load Profiles for all TMY3 Locations in the United States–CKAN
” (last accessed September 10, 2021).24.
NREL
, NSRDB Data Viewer Multi Year PSM Global Horizontal Irradiance
(NREL
, Denver, Colorado
, 2019
).25.
26.
QGIS Development Team
, see http://qgis.osgeo.org for “Welcome to the QGIS project!
” (last accessed October 17, 2021
).27.
C. B.
Jones
, M.
Lave
, M.
Reno
, R.
Darbali-Zamora
, A.
Summers
, and S.
Hossain-McKenzie
, “Volt-var curve reactive power control requirements and risks for feeders with distributed roof-top photovoltaic systems
,” Energies
13
(17
), 4303
(2020
).28.
Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage, “
IEEE recommended practice for sizing stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems
,” in IEEE Std 1562-2021 (Revision of IEEE Std 1562-2007), 2021
.29.
U.
von Luxburg
, “A tutorial on spectral clustering
,” Stat. Comput.
17
(4
), 395
–416
(2007
).30.
R.
Wilson
, Introduction to Graph Theory
, 4th ed. (Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Company
, Essex, England
, 1996
).31.
See https://sunwatts.com/content/specs/Peimar%20SM400M.pdf for “
Peimar Italian Photovoltaic Modules, ‘SM400M,’ Peimar
” (last accessed November 12, 2021).32.
See https://www.generatorsource.com/Diesel_Fuel_Consumption.aspx for “
Approximate Diesel Generator Fuel Consumption Chart, Generatorsource.com, 2021
” (last accessed November 23, 2021
).33.
Y.
Lin
, see https://www.nrel.gov/aries/assets/pdfs/pegi-lin.pdf for “Grid-Forming Inverters: Enabling the Next Generation Grid
” (last accessed November 12, 2021
).34.
See https://www.sdge.com/landservices for “
Sdge.com. New Land Services|San Diego Gas and Electric
” (last accessed November 12, 2021).© 2022 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.