Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of vegetable oil is a potential technology for the production of green diesel for direct application in unmodified combustion engines. This study provides the conceptual process design for HDO of karanja oils by two different routes: (i) direct HDO of vegetable oils (direct HDO) and (ii) HDO of fatty acids derived from hydrolysis of vegetable oils (two-step HDO). Pinch analysis was carried out to obtain energy targets and the maximum level of heat recovery and to design the heat exchange network. An economic analysis was then performed using USD 0.5 per kg as the retail price of karanja oil. The production costs of green diesel were estimated as USD 0.84 per kg and USD 0.798 per kg for direct and two-step HDO, respectively, for an optimum plant capacity of 0.12 × 106 metric ton per annum of karanja oil. The analysis was further extended to understand various cost-contributing factors and the effect of feedstock and the price of co-products on the manufacturing costs of green diesel. A discounted cash flow analysis was carried out to determine the minimum selling price of green diesel.
References
1.
See http://www.eia.gov for U.S. Energy Information Administration (
2017
).2.
N.
Nikodinoska
, L.
Cesaro
, R.
Romano
, and A.
Paletto
, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
10
, 043104
(2018
).3.
S. K.
Maity
, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
43
, 1427
(2015
).4.
S. K.
Maity
, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
43
, 1446
(2015
).5.
6.
P.
Kumar
, S. R.
Yenumala
, S. K.
Maity
, and D.
Shee
, Appl. Catal., A
471
, 28
(2014
).7.
M.
Herskowitz
, M. V.
Landau
, Y.
Reizner
, and D.
Berger
, Fuel
111
, 157
(2013
).8.
Q.
Liu
, H.
Zuo
, T.
Wang
, L.
Ma
, and Q.
Zhang
, Appl. Catal., A
468
, 68
(2013
).9.
M.
Krár
, S.
Kovács
, D.
Kalló
, and J.
Hancsók
, Bioresour. Technol.
101
, 9287
(2010
).10.
A. V.
Lavrenov
, E. N.
Bogdanets
, Y. A.
Chumachenko
, and V. A.
Likholobov
, Catal. Ind.
3
, 250
(2011
).11.
Eni
S.p.A, https://www.eni.com/en_IT/innovation/technological-platforms/bio-refinery.page for Biorefinery (2018
).12.
Honeywell UOP LLC
, https://www.uop.com/?document=honeywell-green-jet-fuel-brochure&download=1 for Honeywell green jet fuel, sustainable fuels for cleaner skies (2011
).13.
Neste Corporation
, https://www.neste.com/how-renewable-diesel-different-biodiesel for How is renewable diesel different from biodiesel? (2014
).14.
G. W.
Huber
, P.
O'Connor
, and A.
Corma
, Appl. Catal., A
329
, 120
(2007
).15.
J. K.
Satyarthi
, T.
Chiranjeevi
, D. T.
Gokak
, and P. S.
Viswanathan
, Fuel Process. Technol.
118
, 180
(2014
).16.
S.
Boonyasuwat
and J.
Tscheikuna
, Fuel
199
, 115
(2017
).17.
J.
Moncada
, J. J.
Jaramillo
, J. C.
Higuita
, C.
Younes
, and C. A.
Cardona
, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
52
, 16786
(2013
).18.
A.
Juneja
, D.
Kumar
, and G. S.
Murthy
, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
5
, 023142
(2013
).19.
G. W.
Diederichs
, M.
Ali Mandegari
, S.
Farzad
, and J. F.
Görgens
, Bioresour. Technol.
216
, 331
(2016
).20.
S. D.
Phillips
, J. K.
Tarud
, M. J.
Biddy
, and A.
Dutta
, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
50
, 11734
(2011
).21.
M.
Martín
and I. E.
Grossmann
, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
50
, 13485
(2011
).22.
M.
Patel
, A. O.
Oyedun
, A.
Kumar
, and R.
Gupta
, Waste Biomass Valorization
9
, 1
(2018
).23.
Q.
Dang
, W.
Hu
, M.
Rover
, R. C.
Brown
, and M. M.
Wright
, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin.
10
, 790
(2016
).24.
E. C. D.
Tan
, L. J.
Snowden-Swan
, M.
Talmadge
, A.
Dutta
, S.
Jones
, K. K.
Ramasamy
, M.
Gray
, R.
Dagle
, A.
Padmaperuma
, M.
Gerber
, A. H.
Sahir
, L.
Tao
, and Y.
Zhang
, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin.
11
, 41
(2017
).25.
Q.
Lv
, H.
Yue
, Q.
Xu
, C.
Zhang
, and R.
Zhang
, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
10
, 043107
(2018
).26.
M. J.
Biddy
, R.
Davis
, D.
Humbird
, L.
Tao
, N.
Dowe
, M. T.
Guarnieri
, J. G.
Linger
, E. M.
Karp
, D.
Salvachúa
, D. R.
Vardon
, and G. T.
Beckham
, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.
4
, 3196
(2016
).27.
S. B.
Glisic
, J. M.
Pajnik
, and A. M.
Orlovic
, Appl. Energy
170
, 176
(2016
).28.
T. J.
Hilbers
, L. M. J.
Sprakel
, L. B. J.
van den Enk
, B.
Zaalberg
, H.
van den Berg
, and L. G. J.
van der Ham
, Chem. Eng. Technol.
38
, 651
(2015
).29.
R. H.
Natelson
, W. C.
Wang
, W. L.
Roberts
, and K. D.
Zering
, Biomass Bioenergy
75
, 23
(2015
).30.
A.
Kantama
, P.
Narataruksa
, P.
Hunpinyo
, and C.
Prapainainar
, Biomass Bioenergy
83
, 448
(2015
).31.
S. R.
Yenumala
and S. K.
Maity
, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
4
, 043120
(2012
).32.
S. R.
Yenumala
, S. K.
Maity
, and D.
Shee
, Catal. Sci. Technol.
6
, 3156
(2016
).33.
N. A.
Morad
, A. A. M.
Kamal
, F.
Panau
, and T. W.
Yew
, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
77
, 1001
(2000
).34.
J. W.
Goodrum
and D. P.
Geller
, Bioresour. Technol.
84
, 75
(2002
).35.
S. R.
Yenumala
, S. K.
Maity
, and D.
Shee
, React. Kinet., Mech. Catal.
120
, 109
(2017
).36.
T. N.
Kalnes
, K. P.
Koers
, T.
Marker
, and D. R.
Shonnard
, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy
28
, 111
(2009
).37.
M. G.
Rao
and M.
Sittig
, Dryden's Outlines of Chemical Technology for the 21st Century
, 3rd ed. (WEP East-West Press
, 2010
).38.
A. L.
Kohl
and R. B.
Nielsen
, Gas Purification
, 5th ed. (Gulf Professional Publishing
, 1997
).39.
Kirk-Othmer
. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
, 1997
).40.
N. N. A. N.
Yusuf
, S. K.
Kamarudin
, and Z.
Yaakub
, Energy Convers. Manag.
52
, 2741
(2011
).41.
M. S.
Peters
and K. D.
Timmerhaus
, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers
, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill, Inc.
, 1991
).42.
J.-P.
Lange
, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin.
1
, 39
(2007
).43.
R. C.
Baliban
, J. A.
Elia
, C. A.
Floudas
, B.
Gurau
, M. B.
Weingarten
, and S. D.
Klotz
, Energy Fuels
27
, 4302
(2013
).44.
R.
Thilakaratne
, T.
Brown
, Y.
Li
, G.
Hu
, and R.
Brown
, Green Chem.
16
, 627
(2014
).45.
M.
Pearlson
, C.
Wollersheim
, and H.
James
, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin.
7
, 89
(2013
).46.
Omni Tech International Ltd.
, https://soynewuses.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2010_PriceTrendUpdate.pdf for A survey of recent chemical price trends: The potential impact of rising petrochemical prices on soy use for industrial applications united soybean board revised (2010
).47.
J. H.
Gary
and G. E.
Handwerk
, Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
, 4th ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.
, 2001
).48.
M.
Kumar
, Y.
Goyal
, A.
Sarkar
, and K.
Gayen
, Appl. Energy
93
, 193
(2012
).49.
See https://www.chemengonline.com/pci-home for The chemical engineering plant cost index (
2017
).50.
L.
Tao
and A.
Aden
, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.: Plant
45
, 199
(2009
).51.
R.
Davis
, A.
Aden
, and P. T.
Pienkos
, Appl. Energy
88
, 3524
(2011
).52.
X.
Zhou
, S.
Yuan
, R.
Chen
, and R. M.
Ochieng
, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
7
, 012701
(2015
).53.
G.
Thomassen
, U.
Egiguren Vila
, M.
Van Dael
, B.
Lemmens
, and S.
Van Passel
, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy
18
, 1849
(2016
).© 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
