This paper discusses the alleviation of voltage unbalance (VU) in low voltage four-wire ungrounded distribution networks. Unbalanced allocation of distributed rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) ratings and loads creates considerable neutral current in the neutral line. Because of the size limitation or non-connection of distributed batteries, this paper proposes three strategies for using the available distributed energy storage to reduce VU and neutral potential under a high penetration of distributed rooftop PVs. VU mitigation algorithms are presented and implemented in the MATLAB/software environment.
References
1.
Trends 2016 in photovoltaic applications, Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries between 1992 and 2015, Report IEA PVPS T1-30,
2016
.2.
A. K.
Singh
, G. K.
Singh
, and R.
Mitra
, “Some observations on definitions of voltage unbalance
,” in 2007 39th North American Power Symposium
, Las Cruces, NM (2007
), pp. 473–479.3.
J.
Driesen
and T. V.
Craenenbroeck
, “Power quality application guide voltage disturbances: Voltage disturbances- 5.1.3 introduction to unbalance
,” in European Community and International Copper Association
(2002
)4.
F.
Shahnia
, P. J.
Wolfs
, and A.
Ghosh
, “Voltage unbalance reduction in low voltage feeders by dynamic switching of residential customers among three phases
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
5
(3
), 1318
–1327
(2014
).5.
M. J. E.
Alam
, K. M.
Muttaqi
, and D.
Sutanto
, “Effectiveness of traditional mitigation strategies for neutral current and voltage problems under high penetration of rooftop PV
,” in 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting
, Vancouver, BC (2013
), pp. 1
–5
.6.
M. J. E.
Alam
, K. M.
Muttaqi
, and D.
Sutanto
, “Alleviation of neutral-to-ground potential rise under unbalanced allocation of rooftop PV using distributed energy storage
,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy
6
(3
), 889
–898
(2015
).7.
M. J. E.
Alam
, K. M.
Muttaqi
, and D.
Sutanto
, “Community energy storage for neutral voltage rise mitigation in four-wire multigrounded LV feeders with unbalanced solar PV allocation
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
6
(6
), 2845
–2855
(2015
).8.
K. H.
Chua
, Y. S.
Lim
, P.
Taylor
, S.
Morris
, and J.
Wong
, “Energy storage system for mitigating voltage unbalance on low-voltage networks with photovoltaic systems
,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery
27
(4
), 1783
–1790
(2012
).9.
K. H.
Chua
, J.
Wong
, Y. S.
Lim
, P.
Taylor
, E.
Morris
, and S.
Morris
, “Mitigation of voltage unbalance in low voltage distribution network with high level of photovoltaic system
,” Energy Procedia
12
, 495
–501
(2011
).10.
I.
Ranaweera
and O. M.
Midtgard
, “Centralized control of energy storages for voltage support in low-voltage distribution grids
,” in 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC)
, Florence (2016
), pp. 1
–6
.11.
I.
Ranaweera
, O. M.
Midtgård
, M.
Korpås
, and H.
Farahmand
, “Control strategies for residential battery energy storage systems coupled with PV systems
,” in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe)
, Milan (2017
), pp. 1
–6
.12.
Renewables and Electricity Storage-A technology roadmap for REmap 2030
(IERNA
, 2015
)13.
A. D.
Rodriguez
, F. M.
Fuentes
, and A. J.
Matta
, “Comparative analysis between voltage unbalance definitions
,” in 2015 Workshop on Engineering Applications—International Congress on Engineering (WEA)
, Bogota (2015
), pp. 1
–7
.14.
A. D.
Kolagar
, P.
Hamedani
, and A.
Shoulaie
, “The effects of transformer connection type on voltage and current unbalance propagation
,” in Proceedings of the Power Electronics Drive Systems Technologies
, Tehran, Iran (2012
), pp. 308
–314
.15.
Electricity Council
, “Planning limits for voltage unbalance in the United Kingdom
,” in Engineering Recommendation
(1990
), p. 29
.16.
M. T.
Bina
and A.
Kashefi
, “Three-phase unbalance of distribution systems: Complementary analysis and experimental case study
,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.
33
(4
), 817
–826
(2011
).17.
EN 50160
. Voltage Characteristics of Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution Systems
(Draft May
, 2005
).18.
IEEE 929-2000
, IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
(IEEE
, 2000
).19.
M. T.
Arif
, A. M. T.
Oo
, and A. B. M. S.
Ali
, “Integration of renewable energy resources into the distribution network- A review on required power quality
,” Int. J. Energy Power
1
(2
), 37
–48
(2012
), http://www.seipub.org/ijep/AllIssues.aspx?PublicationID=58.20.
L.
Schwartfeger
, D.
Santos-Martin
, A.
Wood
, N.
Watson
, and A.
Miller
, “Review of distributed generation interconnection standards
,” in EEA Conference & Exhibition
(2014
).21.
A. F.
Zobaa
, R.
Blonbou
, S.
Monjoly
, and J.-L.
Bernard
, Energy Storage—Technologies and Applications
(InTech Prepress
, Novi Sad Rijeka
, 2013
).22.
L.
Mardira
, T. K.
Saha
, and M.
Eghbal
, “Investigating impacts of battery energy storage systems on electricity demand profile
,” in 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)
, Perth, WA (2014
), pp. 1
–5
.23.
M. A.
Eltawil
and Z.
Zhao
, “Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
14
(1
), 112
–129
(2010
).24.
T.
Uehara
, H.
Matayoshi
, T.
Oki
, A.
Sharma
, and T.
Senjyu
, “Voltage imbalance compensation by injecting active and reactive power using demand side inverter
,” J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
8
, 025102
(2016
).25.
H.
Saboori
, R.
Hemmati
, and M. A.
Jirdehi
, “Reliability improvement in radial electrical distribution network by optimal planning of energy storage systems
,” Energy
93
(Part 2
), 2299
–2312
(2015
)26.
A. R.
Abul'Wafa
, “Energy storage sizing for rooftop grid-connected PV system
,” Electric Power Compon. Syst.
45
(3
), 331
–343
(2016
).27.
I.
Ranaweera
and O.-M.
Midtgård
, “Optimization of operational cost for a grid-supporting PV system with battery storage
,” Renewable Energy
88
, 262
–272
(2016
).28.
J.
Weniger
, T.
Tjaden
, J.
Bergner
, and V.
Quaschning
, “Dynamic mismatch losses of grid-connected PV-battery systems in residential buildings
,” J. Energy Storage
13
, 244
–254
(2017
).29.
M. J. E.
Alam
, K. M.
Muttaqi
, and D.
Sutanto
, “Mitigation of rooftop solar PV impacts and evening peak support by managing available capacity of distributed energy storage systems
,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.
28
(4
), 3874
–3884
(2013
).30.
T. M.
Gruzs
, “A survey of neutral currents in three-phase computer power systems
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
26
(4
), 719
–725
(1990
).© 2018 Author(s).
2018
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.