We study the ultrafast time evolution of cyclobutanone excited to the singlet n → Rydberg state through non-adiabatic surface-hopping simulationsperformed at extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. These dynamics predict relaxation to the ground-state with a timescale of 822 ± 45 fs with minimal involvement of the triplets. The major relaxation path to the ground-state involves a three-state degeneracy region and leads to a variety of fragmented photoproducts. We simulate the resulting time-resolved electron-diffraction spectra, which track the relaxation of the excited state and the formation of various photoproducts in the ground state.
REFERENCES
1.
L.
Young
, K.
Ueda
, M.
Gühr
, P. H.
Bucksbaum
, M.
Simon
, S.
Mukamel
, N.
Rohringer
, K. C.
Prince
, C.
Masciovecchio
, M.
Meyer
, A.
Rudenko
, D.
Rolles
, C.
Bostedt
, M.
Fuchs
, D. A.
Reis
, R.
Santra
, H.
Kapteyn
, M.
Murnane
, H.
Ibrahim
, F.
Légaré
, M.
Vrakking
, M.
Isinger
, D.
Kroon
, M.
Gisselbrecht
, A.
L’Huillier
, H. J.
Wörner
, and S. R.
Leone
, “Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics
,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys.
51
(3
), 032003
(2018
).2.
A. R.
Attar
, A.
Bhattacherjee
, C. D.
Pemmaraju
, K.
Schnorr
, K. D.
Closser
, D.
Prendergast
, and S. R.
Leone
, “Femtosecond x-ray spectroscopy of an electrocyclic ring-opening reaction
,” Science
356
(6333
), 54
–59
(2017
).3.
O.
Gessner
and M.
Gühr
, “Monitoring ultrafast chemical dynamics by time-domain X-ray photo- and auger-electron spectroscopy
,” Acc. Chem. Res.
49
(1
), 138
–145
(2016
).4.
E.
Goulielmakis
, Z.-H.
Loh
, A.
Wirth
, R.
Santra
, N.
Rohringer
, V. S.
Yakovlev
, S.
Zherebtsov
, T.
Pfeifer
, A. M.
Azzeer
, M. F.
Kling
, S. R.
Leone
, and F.
Krausz
, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion
,” Nature
466
(7307
), 739
–743
(2010
).5.
H. J.
Wörner
, J. B.
Bertrand
, B.
Fabre
, J.
Higuet
, H.
Ruf
, A.
Dubrouil
, S.
Patchkovskii
, M.
Spanner
, Y.
Mairesse
, V.
Blanchet
, E.
Mével
, E.
Constant
, P. B.
Corkum
, and D. M.
Villeneuve
, “Conical intersection dynamics in NO2 probed by homodyne high-harmonic spectroscopy
,” Science
334
(6053
), 208
–212
(2011
).6.
D.
Polli
, P.
Altoè
, O.
Weingart
, K. M.
Spillane
, C.
Manzoni
, D.
Brida
, G.
Tomasello
, G.
Orlandi
, P.
Kukura
, R. A.
Mathies
, M.
Garavelli
, and G.
Cerullo
, “Conical intersection dynamics of the primary photoisomerization event in vision
,” Nature
467
(7314
), 440
–443
(2010
).7.
A.
Hosseinizadeh
, N.
Breckwoldt
, R.
Fung
, R.
Sepehr
, M.
Schmidt
, P.
Schwander
, R.
Santra
, and A.
Ourmazd
, “Few-fs resolution of a photoactive protein traversing a conical intersection
,” Nature
599
(7886
), 697
–701
(2021
).8.
J.
Yang
, X.
Zhu
, J. P. F.
Nunes
, J. K.
Yu
, R. M.
Parrish
, T. J. A.
Wolf
, M.
Centurion
, M.
Gühr
, R.
Li
, Y.
Liu
, B.
Moore
, M.
Niebuhr
, S.
Park
, X.
Shen
, S.
Weathersby
, T.
Weinacht
, T. J.
Martinez
, and X.
Wang
, “Simultaneous observation of nuclear and electronic dynamics by ultrafast electron diffraction
,” Science
368
(6493
), 885
–889
(2020
).9.
R.
Borrego-Varillas
, A.
Nenov
, P.
Kabaciński
, I.
Conti
, L.
Ganzer
, A.
Oriana
, V. K.
Jaiswal
, I.
Delfino
, O.
Weingart
, C.
Manzoni
, I.
Rivalta
, M.
Garavelli
, and G.
Cerullo
, “Tracking excited state decay mechanisms of pyrimidine nucleosides in real time
,” Nat. Commun.
12
(1
), 7285
(2021
).10.
V. K.
Jaiswal
, P.
Kabaci?ski
, B. E.
Nogueira de Faria
, M.
Gentile
, A.
Maria de Paula
, R.
Borrego-Varillas
, A.
Nenov
, I.
Conti
, G.
Cerullo
, and M.
Garavelli
, “Environment-driven coherent population transfer governs the ultrafast photophysics of tryptophan
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
144
(28
), 12884
–12892
(2022)
).11.
S. R.
Rather
, B.
Fu
, B.
Kudisch
, and G. D.
Scholes
, “Interplay of vibrational wavepackets during an ultrafast electron transfer reaction
,” Nat. Chem.
13
(1
), 70
–76
(2021
).12.
S. R.
Rather
, N. P.
Weingartz
, S.
Kromer
, F. N.
Castellano
, and L. X.
Chen
, “Spin–vibronic coherence drives singlet–triplet conversion
,” Nature
620
(7975
), 776
–781
(2023
).13.
J.
Yang
, X.
Zhu
, T. J. A.
Wolf
, Z.
Li
, J. P. F.
Nunes
, R.
Coffee
, J. P.
Cryan
, M.
Gühr
, K.
Hegazy
, T. F.
Heinz
, K.
Jobe
, R.
Li
, X.
Shen
, T.
Veccione
, S.
Weathersby
, K. J.
Wilkin
, C.
Yoneda
, Q.
Zheng
, T. J.
Martinez
, M.
Centurion
, and X.
Wang
, “Imaging CF3I conical intersection and photodissociation dynamics with ultrafast electron diffraction
,” Science
361
(6397
), 64
–67
(2018
).14.
T. J. A.
Wolf
, D. M.
Sanchez
, J.
Yang
, R. M.
Parrish
, J. P. F.
Nunes
, M.
Centurion
, R.
Coffee
, J. P.
Cryan
, M.
Gühr
, K.
Hegazy
, A.
Kirrander
, R. K.
Li
, J.
Ruddock
, X.
Shen
, T.
Vecchione
, S. P.
Weathersby
, P. M.
Weber
, K.
Wilkin
, H.
Yong
, Q.
Zheng
, X. J.
Wang
, M. P.
Minitti
, and T. J.
Martínez
, “The photochemical ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene imaged by ultrafast electron diffraction
,” Nat. Chem.
11
(6
), 504
–509
(2019
).15.
M.
Centurion
, T. J. A.
Wolf
, and J.
Yang
, “Ultrafast imaging of molecules with electron diffraction
,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
73
(1
), 21
–42
(2022
).16.
S. W.
Benson
and G. B.
Kistiakowsky
, “The photochemical decomposition of cyclic ketones
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
64
(1
), 80
–86
(1942
).17.
T. H.
McGee
, “The photolysis of cyclobutanone
,” J. Phys. Chem.
72
(5
), 1621
–1625
(1968
).18.
T. I.
Solling
, “Nonstatistical photoinduced processes in gaseous organic molecules
,” ACS Omega
6
(44
), 29325
–29344
(2021
).19.
M. A. B.
Larsen
, A. B.
Stephansen
, and T.
Sølling
, “Coherent motion of excited state cyclic ketones: The have and the have-nots
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
683
, 495
–499
(2017
).20.
T. S.
Kuhlman
, T. I.
Sølling
, and K. B.
Møller
, “Coherent motion reveals non-ergodic nature of internal conversion between excited states
,” ChemPhysChem
13
(3
), 820
–827
(2012
).21.
M.-H.
Kao
, R. K.
Venkatraman
, M. N. R.
Ashfold
, and A. J.
Orr-Ewing
, “Effects of ring-strain on the ultrafast photochemistry of cyclic ketones
,” Chem. Sci.
11
(7
), 1991
–2000
(2020
).22.
R. F.
Whitlock
and A. B. F.
Duncan
, “Electronic spectrum of cyclobutanone
,” J. Chem. Phys.
55
(1
), 218
–224
(1971
).23.
S.-H.
Xia
, X.-Y.
Liu
, Q.
Fang
, and G.
Cui
, “Excited-state ring-opening mechanism of cyclic ketones: A MS-CASPT2//CASSCF study
,” J. Phys. Chem. A
119
(15
), 3569
–3576
(2015
).24.
E. W.-G.
Diau
, C.
Kötting
, and A. H.
Zewail
, “Femtochemistry of norrish type-I reactions: II. The anomalous predissociation dynamics of cyclobutanone on the S1 surface
,” ChemPhysChem
2
(5
), 294
–309
(2001
).25.
J. C.
Hemminger
and E. K. C.
Lee
, “Fluorescence excitation and photodecomposition of the first excited singlet cyclobutanone (1A2): A study of predissociation of and collisional energy transfer from the vibronically selected species
,” J. Chem. Phys.
56
(11
), 5284
–5295
(1972
).26.
E. K. C.
Lee
, R. G.
Shortridge
, Jr., and C. F.
Rusbult
, “Fluorescence excitation study of cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone in the gas phase
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
93
(8
), 1863
–1867
(1971
).27.
L.
Liu
and W.-H.
Fang
, “New insights into photodissociation dynamics of cyclobutanone from the AIMS dynamic simulation
,” J. Chem. Phys.
144
(14
), 144317
(2016
).28.
C. R.
Drury-Lessard
and D. C.
Moule
, “Ring puckering in the 1B2(n, 3s) Rydberg electronic state of cyclobutanone
,” J. Chem. Phys.
68
(12
), 5392
–5395
(1978
).29.
T. S.
Kuhlman
, S. P. A.
Sauer
, T. I.
Sølling
, and K. B.
Møller
, “Symmetry, vibrational energy redistribution and vibronic coupling: The internal conversion processes of cycloketones
,” J. Chem. Phys.
137
(22
), 22A522
(2012
).30.
M.
Baba
and I.
Hanazaki
, “The S1(n, π*) states of cyclopentanone and cyclobutanone in a supersonic nozzle beam
,” J. Chem. Phys.
81
(12
), 5426
–5433
(1984
).31.
L.
O’Toole
, P.
Brint
, C.
Kosmidis
, G.
Boulakis
, and P.
Tsekeris
, “Vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectra of propanone, butanone and the cyclic ketones CnH2n−2O (n = 4, 5, 6, 7)
,” J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.
87
(20
), 3343
–3351
(1991
).32.
A. A.
Granovsky
, “Extended multi-configuration quasi-degenerate perturbation theory: The new approach to multi-state multi-reference perturbation theory
,” J. Chem. Phys.
134
(21
), 214113
(2011
).33.
T.
Shiozaki
, W.
Győrffy
, P.
Celani
, and H.-J.
Werner
, “Communication: Extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation theory: Energy and nuclear gradients
,” J. Chem. Phys.
135
(8
), 81106
(2011
).34.
S.
Battaglia
and R.
Lindh
, “On the role of symmetry in XDW-CASPT2
,” J. Chem. Phys.
154
(3
), 34102
(2021
).35.
S.
Mai
, P.
Marquetand
, and L.
González
, “Intersystem crossing pathways in the noncanonical nucleobase 2-thiouracil: A time-dependent picture
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
7
(11
), 1978
–1983
(2016
).36.
R.
Borrego-Varillas
, D. C.
Teles-Ferreira
, A.
Nenov
, I.
Conti
, L.
Ganzer
, C.
Manzoni
, M.
Garavelli
, A.
Maria de Paula
, and G.
Cerullo
, “Observation of the sub-100 femtosecond population of a dark state in a thiobase mediating intersystem crossing
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
140
(47
), 16087
–16093
(2018
).37.
M. A.
Kochman
, B.
Durbeej
, and A.
Kubas
, “Simulation and analysis of the transient absorption spectrum of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) in acetonitrile
,” J. Phys. Chem. A
125
(39
), 8635
–8648
(2021
).38.
B. A.
Heß
, C. M.
Marian
, U.
Wahlgren
, and O.
Gropen
, “A mean-field spin-orbit method applicable to correlated wavefunctions
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
251
(5–6
), 365
–371
(1996
).39.
N.
Forsberg
and P.-Å.
Malmqvist
, “Multiconfiguration perturbation theory with imaginary level shift
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
274
(1–3
), 196
–204
(1997
).40.
J. C.
Tully
, “Molecular dynamics with electronic transitions
,” J. Chem. Phys.
93
(2
), 1061
–1071
(1990
).41.
S.
Hammes-Schiffer
and J. C.
Tully
, “Proton transfer in solution: Molecular dynamics with quantum transitions
,” J. Chem. Phys.
101
(6
), 4657
–4667
(1994
).42.
G.
Granucci
, M.
Persico
, and A.
Zoccante
, “Including quantum decoherence in surface hopping
,” J. Chem. Phys.
133
(13
), 134111
(2010
).43.
Y.
Nishimoto
, S.
Battaglia
, and R.
Lindh
, “Analytic first-order derivatives of (X)MS, XDW, and RMS variants of the CASPT2 and RASPT2 methods
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
18
(7
), 4269
–4281
(2022
).44.
P.-Å.
Malmqvist
and B. O.
Roos
, “The CASSCF state interaction method
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
155
(2
), 189
–194
(1989
).45.
G.
Cui
and W.
Thiel
, “Generalized trajectory surface-hopping method for internal conversion and intersystem crossing
,” J. Chem. Phys.
141
(12
), 124101
(2014
).46.
O.
Weingart
, A.
Nenov
, P.
Altoè
, I.
Rivalta
, J.
Segarra-Martí
, I.
Dokukina
, and M.
Garavelli
, “COBRAMM 2.0—A software interface for tailoring molecular electronic structure calculations and running nanoscale (QM/MM) simulations
,” J. Mol. Model.
24
(9
), 271
(2018
).47.
See https://gitlab.com/cobrammgroup/cobramm for COBRAMM.
48.
G.
Li Manni
, I.
Fdez. Galván
, A.
Alavi
, F.
Aleotti
, F.
Aquilante
, J.
Autschbach
, D.
Avagliano
, A.
Baiardi
, J. J.
Bao
, S.
Battaglia
, L.
Birnoschi
, A.
Blanco-González
, S. I.
Bokarev
, R.
Broer
, R.
Cacciari
, P. B.
Calio
, R. K.
Carlson
, R.
Carvalho Couto
, L.
Cerdán
, L. F.
Chibotaru
, N. F.
Chilton
, J. R.
Church
, I.
Conti
, S.
Coriani
, J.
Cuéllar-Zuquin
, R. E.
Daoud
, N.
Dattani
, P.
Decleva
, C.
de Graaf
, M. G.
Delcey
, L.
De Vico
, W.
Dobrautz
, S. S.
Dong
, R.
Feng
, N.
Ferré
, M.
Filatov(Gulak)
, L.
Gagliardi
, M.
Garavelli
, L.
González
, Y.
Guan
, M.
Guo
, M. R.
Hennefarth
, M. R.
Hermes
, C. E.
Hoyer
, M.
Huix-Rotllant
, V. K.
Jaiswal
, A.
Kaiser
, D. S.
Kaliakin
, M.
Khamesian
, D. S.
King
, V.
Kochetov
, M.
Krośnicki
, A. A.
Kumaar
, E. D.
Larsson
, S.
Lehtola
, M.-B.
Lepetit
, H.
Lischka
, P.
López Ríos
, M.
Lundberg
, D.
Ma
, S.
Mai
, P.
Marquetand
, I. C. D.
Merritt
, F.
Montorsi
, M.
Mörchen
, A.
Nenov
, V. H. A.
Nguyen
, Y.
Nishimoto
, M. S.
Oakley
, M.
Olivucci
, M.
Oppel
, D.
Padula
, R.
Pandharkar
, Q. M.
Phung
, F.
Plasser
, G.
Raggi
, E.
Rebolini
, M.
Reiher
, I.
Rivalta
, D.
Roca-Sanjuán
, T.
Romig
, A. A.
Safari
, A.
Sánchez-Mansilla
, A. M.
Sand
, I.
Schapiro
, T. R.
Scott
, J.
Segarra-Martí
, F.
Segatta
, D.-C.
Sergentu
, P.
Sharma
, R.
Shepard
, Y.
Shu
, J. K.
Staab
, T. P.
Straatsma
, L. K.
Sørensen
, B. N. C.
Tenorio
, D. G.
Truhlar
, L.
Ungur
, M.
Vacher
, V.
Veryazov
, T. A.
Voß
, O.
Weser
, D.
Wu
, X.
Yang
, D.
Yarkony
, C.
Zhou
, J. P.
Zobel
, and R.
Lindh
, “The OpenMolcas web: A community-driven approach to advancing computational chemistry
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
19
, 6933
(2023
).49.
S.
Nangia
, A. W.
Jasper
, T. F.
Miller
III, and D. G.
Truhlar
, “Army ants algorithm for rare event sampling of delocalized nonadiabatic transitions by trajectory surface hopping and the estimation of sampling errors by the bootstrap method
,” J. Chem. Phys.
120
(8
), 3586
–3597
(2004
).50.
V.
Bonačić-Koutecký
, J.
Koutecký
, and J.
Michl
, “Neutral and charged biradicals, zwitterions, funnels in S1, and proton translocation: Their role in photochemistry, photophysics, and vision
,” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
26
(3
), 170
–189
(1987
).51.
T. J.
Penfold
, E.
Gindensperger
, C.
Daniel
, and C. M.
Marian
, “Spin-vibronic mechanism for intersystem crossing
,” Chem. Rev.
118
(15
), 6975
–7025
(2018
).© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2024
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.