We have studied the liquid-like response of the surface of vapor-deposited glassy films of polystyrene to the introduction of gold nanoparticles on the surface. The build-up of polymer material was measured as a function of time and temperature for both as-deposited films, as well as films that have been rejuvenated to become normal glasses cooled from the equilibrium liquid. The temporal evolution of the surface profile is well described by the characteristic power law of capillary-driven surface flows. In all cases, the surface evolution of the as-deposited films and the rejuvenated films is enhanced compared to bulk and is not easily distinguishable from each other. The temperature dependence of the measured relaxation times determined from the surface evolution is found to be quantitatively comparable to similar studies for high molecular weight spincast polystyrene. Comparisons to numerical solutions of the glassy thin film equation provide quantitative estimates of the surface mobility. For temperatures sufficiently close to the glass-transition temperature, particle embedding is also measured and used as a probe of bulk dynamics, and, in particular, bulk viscosity.
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7 March 2023
Research Article|
March 01 2023
Surface and bulk relaxation of vapor-deposited polystyrene glasses Available to Purchase
Junjie Yin
;
Junjie Yin
(Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo
, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Christian Pedersen
;
Christian Pedersen
(Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing)
2
Mechanics Division, Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo
, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Michael F. Thees
;
Michael F. Thees
(Data curation, Supervision)
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo
, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Andreas Carlson
;
Andreas Carlson
(Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
2
Mechanics Division, Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo
, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Thomas Salez
;
Thomas Salez
(Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
3
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798
, F-33400 Talence, France
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James A. Forrest
James A. Forrest
a)
(Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo
, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
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Junjie Yin
1
Christian Pedersen
2
Michael F. Thees
1
Andreas Carlson
2
Thomas Salez
3
James A. Forrest
1,a)
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo
, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
2
Mechanics Division, Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo
, 0316 Oslo, Norway
3
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798
, F-33400 Talence, France
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
J. Chem. Phys. 158, 094901 (2023)
Article history
Received:
November 04 2022
Accepted:
February 09 2023
Citation
Junjie Yin, Christian Pedersen, Michael F. Thees, Andreas Carlson, Thomas Salez, James A. Forrest; Surface and bulk relaxation of vapor-deposited polystyrene glasses. J. Chem. Phys. 7 March 2023; 158 (9): 094901. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0133668
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