With the development of modern industry, the discharge of dye wastewater is increasing year by year, and the damage caused by this wastewater to the ecosystem is often irreversible. Therefore, the research on the harmless treatment of dyes has attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, commercial titanium dioxide (anatase nanometer titanium dioxide) was heat treated with anhydrous ethanol to synthesize titanium carbide (C/TiO2). Its maximum adsorption capacity for cationic dyes methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B is 27.3 and 124.6 mg g−1, respectively, which is much higher than that of pure TiO2. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm model of C/TiO2 were studied and characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and other methods. The results show that the carbon layer on the surface of C/TiO2 promotes the increase in surface hydroxyl groups, which is the main reason for the increase in MB adsorption. Compared with other adsorbents, C/TiO2 showed excellent reusability. The experimental results of adsorbent regeneration showed that the adsorption rate R% of MB was almost unchanged after three cycles. During the recovery of C/TiO2, the dyes adsorbed on its surface are removed, which solves the problem that the adsorbent cannot degrade dyes simply by adsorption. Additionally, C/TiO2 has a stable adsorption effect, is insensitive to the pH value, has a simple preparation process, and has relatively low raw material prices, making it suitable for large-scale operation. Therefore, it has good commercial prospects in the organic dye industry wastewater treatment.
REFERENCES
1.
M.
Shabir
, M.
Yasin
, M.
Hussain
et al, “A review on recent advances in the treatment of dye-polluted wastewater
,” J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
(2022
).2.
N. Y.
Donkadokula
, A. K.
Kola
, I.
Naz
, and D.
Saroj
, “A review on advanced physico-chemical and biological textile dye wastewater treatment techniques
,” Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol.
19
, 543
–560
(2020
).3.
S.
Samsami
, M.
Mohamadizaniani
et al, “Recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater from textile industries: Overview and perspectives
,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot.
143
, 138
–163
(2020
).4.
K. G.
Pavithra
and V.
Jaikumar
, “Removal of colorants from wastewater: A review on sources and treatment strategies
,” J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
75
, 1
–19
(2019
).5.
K.
Azam
, N.
Shezad
, I.
Shafiq
et al, “A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes
,” Chemosphere
306
, 135566
(2022
).6.
K.
Azam
, R.
Raza
, N.
Shezad
et al, “Development of recoverable magnetic mesoporous carbon adsorbent for removal of methyl blue and methyl orange from wastewater
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
8
(5
), 104220
(2020
).7.
Y.
Peng
, M.
Li
, S.
Zhang
et al, “Improved performance and prolonged lifetime of titania-based materials: Sequential use as adsorbent and photocatalyst
,” Sci. China Chem.
58
, 1211
–1219
(2015
).8.
S.
Kittappa
, F. M.
Jais
, M.
Ramalingam
et al, “Functionalized magnetic mesoporous palm shell activated carbon for enhanced removal of azo dyes
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
8
(5
), 104081
(2020
).9.
H.
Mittal
, S. M.
Alhassan
, and S. S.
Ray
, “Efficient organic dye removal from wastewater by magnetic carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from corn starch
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
6
(6
), 7119
–7131
(2018
).10.
P.
Akhter
, A.
Arshad
, A.
Saleem
et al, “Recent development in non-metal-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts for different dyes degradation and the study of their strategic factors: A review
,” Catalysts
12
(11
), 1331
(2022
).11.
M.
Asif
, M.
Zafar
, P.
Akhter
et al, “Effect of urea addition on anatase phase enrichment and nitrogen doping of TiO2 for photocatalytic abatement of methylene blue
,” Appl. Sci.
11
(17
), 8264
(2021
).12.
Z.
Siraj
, I. M.
Maafa
, I.
Shafiq
et al, “KIT-6 induced mesostructured TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue
,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.
28
(38
), 53340
–53352
(2021
).13.
I.
Mahboob
, S.
Shafique
, I.
Shafiq
et al, “Mesoporous LaVO4/MCM-48 nanocomposite with visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of phenol in wastewater
,” Environ. Res.
218
, 114983
(2023
).14.
N.
Shehzad
, M.
Zafar
, M.
Ashfaq
et al, “Development of AgFeO2/rGO/TiO2 ternary composite photocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic dye decolorization
,” Crystals
10
(10
), 923
(2020
).15.
I.
Shafiq
, M.
Hussain
, N.
Shehzad
et al, “The effect of crystal facets and induced porosity on the performance of monoclinic BiVO4 for the enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic abatement of methylene blue
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
7
(4
), 103265
(2019
).16.
I.
Mahboob
, I.
Shafiq
, S.
Shafique
et al, “Porous Ag3VO4/KIT-6 composite: Synthesis, characterization and enhanced photocatalytic performance for degradation of congo red
,” Chemosphere
311
, 137180
(2023
).17.
P.
Bhavani
, D. P.
Kumar
, M.
Hussain
et al, “Recent advances in wide solar spectrum active W18O49-based photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications
,” Catal. Rev.
(published online) (2022
).18.
L. M.
Biju
, V.
Pooshana
, P. S.
Kumar
et al, “Treatment of textile wastewater containing mixed toxic azo dye and chromium (VI) BY haloalkaliphilic bacterial consortium
,” Chemosphere
287
, 132280
(2022
).19.
S.
Kuppusamy
, M.
Sethurajan
, M.
Kadarkarai
, and R.
Aruliah
, “Biodecolourization of textile dyes by novel, indigenous Pseudomonas stutzeri MN1 and Acinetobacter baumannii MN3
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
5
(1
), 716
–724
(2017
).20.
S.
Jafari
, F.
Zhao
et al, “A comparative study for the removal of methylene blue dye by N and S modified TiO2 adsorbents
,” J. Mol. Liq.
207
, 90
–98
(2015
).21.
R.
Rashid
, I.
Shafiq
, M. J.
Iqbal
et al, “Synergistic effect of NS co-doped TiO2 adsorbent for removal of cationic dyes
,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
9
(4
), 105480
(2021
).22.
S.
Jafari
, B.
Tryba
, E.
Kusiak-Nejman
et al, “The role of adsorption in the photocatalytic decomposition of Orange II on carbon-modified TiO2
,” J. Mol. Liq.
220
, 504
–512
(2016
).23.
S. K.
Lagergren
, “About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances
,” Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handingarl
24
, 1
–39
(1898
).24.
Y. S.
Ho
and G.
McKay
, “Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes
,” Process Biochem.
34
(5
), 451
–465
(1999
).25.
L.
Ai
, C.
Zhang
, F.
Liao
et al, “Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution with magnetite loaded multi-wall carbon nanotube: Kinetic, isotherm and mechanism analysis
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
198
, 282
–290
(2011
).26.
W. J.
Weber
and J. C.
Morris
, “Equilibria and capacities for adsorption on carbon
,” Sanit. Eng. Div
90
, 79
–107
(1964
).27.
E. A. N.
Simonetti
, L.
de Simone Cividanes
, T. M. B.
Campos
et al, “Carbon and TiO2 synergistic effect on methylene blue adsorption
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
177
, 330
–338
(2016
).28.
J.
Singh
, S.
Palsaniya
, and R. K.
Soni
, “Mesoporous dark brown TiO2 spheres for pollutant removal and energy storage applications
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
527
, 146796
(2020
).29.
X.
Xu
, Z.
Gao
, Z.
Cui
et al, “Synthesis of Cu2O octadecahedron/TiO2 quantum dot heterojunctions with high visible light photocatalytic activity and high stability
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
8
(1
), 91
–101
(2016
).30.
J.
Guo
, X.
Cai
, Y.
Li
et al, “The preparation and characterization of a three-dimensional titanium dioxide nanostructure with high surface hydroxyl group density and high performance in water treatment
,” Chem. Eng. J.
221
, 342
–352
(2013
).31.
L.
Wang
, Y.
Cai
, B.
Liu
, and L.
Dong
, “A facile synthesis of brown anatase TiO2 rich in oxygen vacancies and its visible light photocatalytic property
,” Solid State Ionics
361
, 115564
(2021
).32.
S.
Pu
, Y.
Hou
, H.
Chen
et al, “An efficient photocatalyst for fast reduction of Cr(VI) by ultra-trace silver enhanced titania in aqueous solution
,” Catalysts
8
(6
), 251
(2018
).33.
X.
Chen
, L.
Liu
, and F.
Huang
, “Black titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials
,” Chem. Soc. Rev.
44
(7
), 1861
–1885
(2015
).34.
J.
Zhang
, Y.
Li
, L.
Li
et al, “Dual functional N-doped TiO2-carbon composite fibers for efficient removal of water pollutants
,” ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.
6
(10
), 12893
–12905
(2018
).35.
E.
Kordouli
, K.
Bourikas
, A.
Lycourghiotis
, and C.
Kordulis
, “The mechanism of azo-dyes adsorption on the titanium dioxide surface and their photocatalytic degradation over samples with various anatase/rutile ratios
,” Catal. Today
252
, 128
–135
(2015
).36.
I.
Langmuir
, “The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
40
(9
), 1361
–1403
(1918
).37.
A.
Proctor
and J. F.
Toro-Vazquez
, “The Freundlich isotherm in studying adsorption in oil processing
,” J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
73
, 1627
–1633
(1996
).© 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2023
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
