We reported molecular simulations of the interactions among water, an epoxy prepolymer diglycidic ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and a hardener isophorone diamine (IPDA) on an aluminum surface. This work proposes a comprehensive thermodynamic characterization of the adhesion process from the calculation of different interfacial tensions. The cross-interactions between the atoms of the metal surface and different molecules are adjusted so as to reproduce the experimental work of adhesion. Water nanodroplets on the metal surface are then simulated to predict their contact angle. Liquid–vapor surface tensions of the epoxy prepolymer (DGEBA) and hardener (IPDA) and the solid–vapor surface tension of the aluminum surface are also calculated to provide the solid–liquid interfacial tension that remains very difficult to obtain from the mechanical definition.

1.
T.
Young
,
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London
95
,
65
(
1805
).
3.
E.
Bormashenko
,
Low Temp. Phys.
42
,
622
(
2016
).
4.
J. N.
Israelachvili
,
Intermolecular and Surfaces Forces
, 3rd ed. (
Academic Press
,
New York
,
2011
).
5.
A.
Ghoufi
,
P.
Malfreyt
, and
D. J.
Tildesley
,
Chem. Soc. Rev.
45
,
1387
(
2016
).
6.
M. P.
Allen
and
D. J.
Tildesley
,
Computer Simulation of Liquids
, 2nd ed. (
Clarendon Press
,
Oxford
,
2017
).
7.
J. S.
Rowlinson
and
B.
Widom
,
Molecular Theory of Capillarity
(
Clarendon Press
,
Oxford
,
1982
).
8.
J. K.
Lee
,
J. A.
Barker
, and
G. M.
Pound
,
J. Chem. Phys.
60
,
1976
(
1974
).
9.
K. S.
Liu
,
J. Chem. Phys.
60
,
4226
(
1974
).
10.
A.
Trokhymchuk
and
J.
Alejandre
,
J. Chem. Phys.
111
,
8510
(
1999
).
11.
F.
Goujon
,
P.
Malfreyt
,
A.
Boutin
, and
A. H.
Fuchs
,
Mol. Simul.
27
,
99
(
2001
).
12.
C.
Ibergay
,
A.
Ghoufi
,
F.
Goujon
,
P.
Ungerer
,
A.
Boutin
,
B.
Rousseau
, and
P.
Malfreyt
,
Phys. Rev. E
75
,
051602
(
2007
).
13.
F.
Goujon
,
A.
Ghoufi
,
P.
Malfreyt
, and
D. J.
Tildesley
,
J. Chem. Theory Comput.
11
,
4573
(
2015
).
14.
G. J.
Gloor
,
G.
Jackson
,
F. J.
Blas
, and
E.
de Miguel
,
J. Chem. Phys.
123
,
134703
(
2005
).
15.
F.
Biscay
,
A.
Ghoufi
,
F.
Goujon
,
V.
Lachet
, and
P.
Malfreyt
,
J. Chem. Phys.
130
,
184710
(
2009
).
16.
R.
Shuttleworth
,
Proc. Phys. Soc., Sect. A
63
,
444
(
1950
).
17.
P.
Müller
and
A.
Saul
,
Surf. Sci. Rep.
54
,
157
(
2004
).
18.
19.
F.
Leroy
,
D. J. V. A.
dos Santos
, and
F.
Müller-Plathe
,
Macromol. Rapid Commun.
30
,
864
(
2009
).
20.
F.
Leroy
and
F.
Müller-Plathe
,
J. Chem. Phys.
133
,
044110
(
2010
).
21.
F.
Leroy
,
S.
Liu
, and
J.
Zhang
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
119
,
28470
(
2015
).
22.
F.
Leroy
and
F.
Müller-Plathe
,
Langmuir
31
,
8335
(
2015
).
23.
A. R.
Nair
and
S. P.
Sathian
,
J. Chem. Phys.
137
,
084702
(
2012
).
24.
B. B.
Laird
,
R. L.
Davidchack
,
Y.
Yang
, and
M.
Asta
,
J. Chem. Phys.
131
,
114110
(
2009
).
25.
H. D.
d’Oliveira
,
X.
Davoy
,
E.
Arche
,
P.
Malfreyt
, and
A.
Ghoufi
,
J. Chem. Phys.
146
,
214112
(
2017
).
26.
T.
Dreher
,
C.
Lemarchand
,
L.
Soulard
,
E.
Bourasseau
,
P.
Malfreyt
, and
N.
Pineau
,
J. Chem. Phys.
148
,
034702
(
2018
).
27.
T.
Dreher
,
C.
Lemarchand
,
N.
Pineau
,
E.
Bourasseau
,
A.
Ghoufi
, and
P.
Malfreyt
,
J. Chem. Phys.
150
,
014703
(
2019
).
28.
A.
Ghoufi
and
P.
Malfreyt
,
Mol. Phys.
119
,
e1948121
(
2021
).
29.
F.
Goujon
,
A.
Ghoufi
, and
P.
Malfreyt
,
J. Chem. Phys.
154
,
104504
(
2021
).
30.
C. D.
van Engers
,
N. E. A.
Cousens
,
V.
Babenko
,
J.
Britton
,
B.
Zappone
,
N.
Grobert
, and
S.
Perkin
,
Nano Lett.
17
,
3815
(
2017
).
31.
J.-P.
Pascault
and
R. J. J.
Williams
, “
General concepts about epoxy polymers
,” in
Epoxy Polymers
(
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
,
2010
), Chap. 1, pp.
1
12
.
32.
R. W.
Zwanzig
,
J. Chem. Phys.
22
,
1420
(
1954
).
33.
M.
Mezei
and
D. L.
Beveridge
,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
482
,
1
(
1986
).
34.
A.
Ghoufi
and
P.
Malfreyt
,
Mol. Phys.
104
,
2929
(
2006
).
35.
C.
Chipot
and
A.
Pohorille
, “
Free energy calculations: Theory and applications in chemistry and biology
,”
Springer Series in Chemical Physics
(
Springer
,
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
,
2007
).
36.
R. P.
Misra
and
D.
Blankschtein
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
121
,
28166
(
2017
).
37.
K.
Vanommeslaeghe
,
E.
Hatcher
,
C.
Acharya
,
S.
Kundu
,
S.
Zhong
,
J.
Shim
,
E.
Darian
,
O.
Guvench
,
P.
Lopes
,
I.
Vorobyov
, and
A. D.
Mackerell
,
J. Comput. Chem.
31
,
671
(
2010
).
38.
K.
Vanommeslaeghe
and
A. D.
MacKerell
,
J. Chem. Inf. Model.
52
,
3144
(
2012
).
39.
K.
Vanommeslaeghe
,
E. P.
Raman
, and
A. D.
MacKerell
,
J. Chem. Inf. Model.
52
,
3155
(
2012
).
41.
S.
Plimpton
,
J. Comput. Chem.
117
,
1
(
1995
).
42.
P.
Hirel
,
Comput. Phys. Commun.
197
,
212
(
2015
).
43.
D. R.
Lide
,
G.
Baysinger
,
S.
Chemistry
,
L. I.
Berger
,
R. N.
Goldberg
, and
H. V.
Kehiaian
, in
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
, Internet Version 2005 (
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL
,
2005
).
44.
H.
Heinz
,
R. A.
Vaia
,
B. L.
Farmer
, and
R. R.
Naik
,
J. Phys. Chem.
112
,
17281
(
2008
).
45.
Y.
Wu
,
H. L.
Tepper
, and
G. A.
Voth
,
J. Chem. Phys.
124
,
024503
(
2006
).
46.
T. C.
Beutler
,
A. E.
Mark
,
R. C.
van Schaik
,
P. R.
Gerber
, and
W. F.
van Gunsteren
,
Chem. Phys. Lett.
222
,
529
(
1994
).
47.
J. G.
Kirkwood
and
F. P.
Buff
,
J. Chem. Phys.
17
,
338
(
1949
).
48.
J. H.
Irving
and
J. G.
Kirkwood
,
J. Chem. Phys.
18
,
817
(
1950
).
49.
J. P. R. B.
Walton
,
D. J.
Tildesley
,
J. S.
Rowlinson
, and
J. R.
Henderson
,
Mol. Phys.
48
,
1357
(
1983
).
50.
K.
Shi
,
E. E.
Santiso
, and
K. E.
Gubbins
,
J. Chem. Phys.
154
,
084502
(
2021
).
51.
A.
Harasima
,
Advances in Chemical Physics
(
Wiley & Sons
,
1958
), pp.
203
237
.
52.
G.
Vasquez
,
E.
Alvarez
, and
J. M.
Navaza
,
J. Chem. Eng. Data
40
,
611
(
1995
).
53.
J. W.
Gibbs
, “
The collected works of J. Willard Gibbs
,”
Thermodynamics
(
Yale University Press
,
New Haven
,
1945
), Vol. 1.
54.
J. H.
Weijs
,
A.
Marchand
,
B.
Andreotti
,
D.
Lohse
, and
J. H.
Snoeijer
,
Phys. Fluids
23
,
022001
(
2011
).
55.
L.-O.
Heim
and
E.
Bonaccurso
,
Langmuir
29
,
14147
(
2013
).
56.
C.
Li
,
J.
Huang
, and
Z.
Li1
,
Sci. Rep.
6
,
26788
(
2016
).
57.
M.
Kitabata
,
T.
Taddese
, and
S.
Okazaki
,
Langmuir
34
,
12214
(
2018
).
58.
J.
Zhang
,
P.
Wang
,
M. K.
Borg
,
J. M.
Reese
, and
D.
Wen
,
Phys. Fluids
30
,
082003
(
2018
).
59.
J.
Cordeiro
and
S.
Desai
,
J. Micro Nano-Manuf.
5
,
031008
(
2017
).
61.
J.
Alejandre
,
D. J.
Tildesley
, and
G. A.
Chapela
,
J. Chem. Phys.
102
,
4574
(
1995
).
62.
A.
Ghoufi
,
F.
Goujon
,
V.
Lachet
, and
P.
Malfreyt
,
J. Chem. Phys.
128
,
154716
(
2008
).
63.
C.
Vega
and
E.
de Miguel
,
J. Chem. Phys.
126
,
154707
(
2007
).
65.
S. A.
Page
,
J. C.
Berg
, and
J.-A. E.
Månson
,
J. Adhes. Sci. Technol.
15
,
153
(
2001
).
66.
W. R.
Tyson
and
W. A.
Miller
,
Surf. Sci.
62
,
267
(
1977
).
67.
D. R.
Lide
,
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
, 84th ed. (
National Institute of Standards and Technology, CRC Press LLC
,
Boca Raton
,
2003
), p.
2616
.
You do not currently have access to this content.