Photo-induced relaxation processes leading to excimer formations or other traps are in the focus of many investigations of optoelectronic materials because they severely affect the efficiencies of corresponding devices. Such relaxation effects comprise inter-monomer distortions in which the orientations of the monomer change with respect to each other, whereas intra-monomer distortions are variations in the geometry of single monomers. Such distortions are generally neglected in quantum chemical investigations of organic dye aggregates due to the accompanied high computational costs. In the present study, we investigate their relevance using perylene-bisimide dimers and diindenoperylene tetramers as model systems. Our calculations underline the importance of intra-monomer distortions on the shape of the potential energy surfaces as a function of the coupling between the monomers. The latter is shown to depend strongly on the electronic state under consideration. In particular, it differs between the first and second excited state of the aggregate. Additionally, the magnitude of the geometrical relaxation decreases if the exciton is delocalized over an increasing number of monomers. For the interpretation of the vibronic coupling model, pseudo-Jahn–Teller or Marcus theory can be employed. In the first part of this paper, we establish the accuracy of density functional theory-based approaches for the prediction of vibrationally resolved absorption spectra of organic semiconductors. These investigations underline the accuracy of those approaches although shortcomings become obvious as well. These calculations also indicate the strength of intra-monomer relaxation effects.
REFERENCES
1.
F.
Würthner
, C. R.
Saha-Möller
, B.
Fimmel
, S.
Ogi
, P.
Leowanawat
, and D.
Schmidt
, “Perylene bisimide dye assemblies as archetype functional supramolecular materials
,” Chem. Rev.
116
, 962
–1052
(2016
).2.
H. E.
Katz
, A. J.
Lovinger
, J.
Johnson
, C.
Kloc
, T.
Siegrist
, W.
Li
, Y.-Y.
Lin
, and A.
Dodabalapur
, “A soluble and air-stable organic semiconductor with high electron mobility
,” Nature
404
, 478
–481
(2000
).3.
S. E.
Shaheen
, G. E.
Jabbour
, B.
Kippelen
, N.
Peyghambarian
, J. D.
Anderson
, S. R.
Marder
, N. R.
Armstrong
, E.
Bellmann
, and R. H.
Grubbs
, “Organic light-emitting diode with 20 lm/W efficiency using a triphenyldiamine side-group polymer as the hole transport layer
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
74
, 3212
–3214
(1999
).4.
C. W.
Tang
, “2-layer organic photovoltaic cell
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
48
, 183
–185
(1986
).5.
M. A.
Green
and S. P.
Bremner
, “Energy conversion approaches and materials for high-efficiency photovoltaics
,” Nat. Mater.
16
, 23
–34
(2017
).6.
P. E.
Hartnett
, A.
Timalsina
, H. S. S. R.
Matte
, N.
Zhou
, X.
Guo
, W.
Zhao
, A.
Facchetti
, R. P. H.
Chang
, M. C.
Hersam
, M. R.
Wasielewski
, and T. J.
Marks
, “Slip-stacked perylenediimides as an alternative strategy for high efficiency nonfullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaics
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
136
, 16345
–16356
(2014
).7.
X. W.
Zhan
, A.
Facchetti
, S.
Barlow
, T. J.
Marks
, M. A.
Ratner
, M. R.
Wasielewski
, and S. R.
Marder
, “Rylene and related diimides for organic electronics
,” Adv. Mater.
23
, 268
–284
(2011
).8.
C.
Huang
, S.
Barlow
, and S. R.
Marder
, “Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides: Synthesis, physical properties, and use in organic electronics
,” J. Org. Chem.
76
, 2386
–2407
(2011
).9.
H.
Langhals
, S.
Demmig
, and T.
Potrawa
, “The relation between packing effects and solid-state fluorescence of dyes
,” J. Prakt. Chem.
333
, 733
–748
(1991
).10.
M. C. R.
Delgado
, E.-G.
Kim
, D. A.
da Silva Filho
, and J.-L.
Bredas
, “Tuning the charge-transport parameters of perylene diimide single crystals via end and/or core functionalization: A density functional theory investigation
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
132
, 3375
–3387
(2010
).11.
S.
Shoaee
, F.
Deledalle
, P. S.
Tuladhar
, R.
Shivanna
, S.
Rajaram
, K. S.
Narayan
, and J. R.
Durrant
, “A comparison of charge separation dynamics in organic blend films employing fullerene and perylene diimide electron acceptors
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
6
, 201
–205
(2015
).12.
S.
Rajaram
, R.
Shivanna
, S. K.
Kandappa
, and K. S.
Narayan
, “Nonplanar perylene diimides as potential alternatives to fullerenes in organic solar cells
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
3
, 2405
–2408
(2012
).13.
R. F.
Fink
, J.
Seibt
, V.
Engel
, M.
Renz
, M.
Kaupp
, S.
Lochbrunner
, H.-M.
Zhao
, J.
Pfister
, F.
Würthner
, and B.
Engels
, “Exciton trapping in π-conjugated materials: A quantum-chemistry-based protocol applied to perylene bisimide dye aggregates
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
130
, 12858
–12859
(2008
).14.
I. A.
Howard
, F.
Laquai
, P. E.
Keivanidis
, R. H.
Friend
, and N. C.
Greenham
, “Perylene tetracarboxydiimide as an electron acceptor in organic solar cells: A study of charge generation and recombination
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
113
, 21225
–21232
(2009
).15.
B. A.
West
, J. M.
Womick
, L. E.
McNeil
, K. J.
Tan
, and A. M.
Moran
, “Influence of vibronic coupling on band structure and exciton self-trapping in α-perylene
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
115
, 5157
–5167
(2011
).16.
J.
Hoche
, H.-C.
Schmitt
, A.
Humeniuk
, I.
Fischer
, R.
Mitrić
, and M. I. S.
Röhr
, “The mechanism of excimer formation: An experimental and theoretical study on the pyrene dimer
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
19
, 25002
–25015
(2017
).17.
E. R.
Kennehan
, C.
Grieco
, A. N.
Brigeman
, G. S.
Doucette
, A.
Rimshaw
, K.
Bisgaier
, N. C.
Giebink
, and J. B.
Asbury
, “Using molecular vibrations to probe exciton delocalization in films of perylene diimides with ultrafast mid-IR spectroscopy
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
19
, 24829
–24839
(2017
).18.
C.
Brückner
, F.
Würthner
, K.
Meerholz
, and B.
Engels
, “Structure-property relationships from atomistic multiscale simulations of the relevant processes in organic solar cells. I. Thermodynamic aspects
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
121
, 4
–25
(2017
).19.
C.
Brückner
, F.
Würthner
, K.
Meerholz
, and B.
Engels
, “Atomistic approach to simulate processes relevant for the efficiencies of organic solar cells as a function of molecular properties. II. Kinetic aspects
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
121
, 26
–51
(2017
).20.
H.
Bässler
, “Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors—A Monte-Carlo simulation study
,” Phys. Status Solidi B
175
, 15
–56
(1993
).21.
D.
Hertel
and H.
Bässler
, “Photoconduction in amorphous organic solids
,” ChemPhysChem
9
, 666
–688
(2008
).22.
C.
Brückner
, M.
Stolte
, F.
Würthner
, J.
Pflaum
, and B.
Engels
, “QM/MM calculations combined with the dimer approach on the static disorder at organic-organic interfaces of thin-film organic solar cells composed of small molecules
,” J. Phys. Org. Chem.
30
, e3740
(2017
).23.
T. M.
Clarke
and J. R.
Durrant
, “Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells
,” Chem. Rev.
110
, 6736
–6767
(2010
).24.
W. L.
Liu
, S.
Canola
, A.
Köhn
, B.
Engels
, F.
Negri
, and R. F.
Fink
, “A model Hamiltonian tuned toward high level ab initio calculations to describe the character of excitonic states in perylenebisimide aggregates
,” J. Comput. Chem.
39
, 1979
–1989
(2018
).25.
W. L.
Liu
, B.
Lunkenheimer
, V.
Settels
, B.
Engels
, R. F.
Fink
, and A.
Kohn
, “A general ansatz for constructing quasi-diabatic states in electronically excited aggregated systems
,” J. Chem. Phys.
143
, 084106
(2015
).26.
N. J.
Hestand
, R. V.
Kazantsev
, A. S.
Weingarten
, L. C.
Palmer
, S. I.
Stupp
, and F. C.
Spano
, “Extended-charge-transfer excitons in crystalline supramolecular photocatalytic scaffolds
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
138
, 11762
–11774
(2016
).27.
H.-M.
Zhao
, J.
Pfister
, V.
Settels
, M.
Renz
, M.
Kaupp
, V. C.
Dehm
, F.
Würthner
, R. F.
Fink
, and B.
Engels
, “Understanding ground- and excited-state properties of perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimide crystals by means of quantum chemical computations
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
131
, 15660
–15668
(2009
).28.
V.
Settels
, W.
Liu
, J.
Pflaum
, R. F.
Fink
, and B.
Engels
, “Comparison of the electronic structure of different perylene-based dye-aggregates
,” J. Comput. Chem.
33
, 1544
–1553
(2012
).29.
V.
Settels
, A.
Schubert
, M.
Tafipolski
, W.
Liu
, V.
Stehr
, A. K.
Topczak
, J.
Pflaum
, C.
Deibel
, R. F.
Fink
, V.
Engel
, and B.
Engels
, “Identification of ultrafast relaxation processes as a major reason for inefficient exciton diffusion in perylene-based organic semiconductors
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
136
, 9327
–9337
(2014
).30.
A.
Schubert
, M.
Falge
, M.
Kess
, V.
Settels
, S.
Lochbrunner
, W. T.
Strunz
, F.
Würthner
, B.
Engels
, and V.
Engel
, “Theoretical analysis of the relaxation dynamics in perylene bisimide dimers excited by femtosecond laser pulses
,” J. Phys. Chem. A
118
, 1403
–1412
(2014
).31.
A.
Schubert
, V.
Settels
, W. L.
Liu
, F.
Würthner
, C.
Meier
, R. F.
Fink
, S.
Schindlbeck
, S.
Lochbrunner
, B.
Engels
, and V.
Engel
, “Ultrafast exciton self-trapping upon geometry deformation in perylene-based molecular aggregates
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
4
, 792
–796
(2013
).32.
B.
Engels
and V.
Engel
, “The dimer-approach to characterize opto-electronic properties of and exciton trapping and diffusion in organic semiconductor aggregates and crystals
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
19
, 12604
–12619
(2017
).33.
Z. J.
Chen
, V.
Stepanenko
, V.
Dehm
, P.
Prins
, L. D. A.
Siebbeles
, J.
Seibt
, P.
Marquetand
, V.
Engel
, and F.
Würthner
, “Photoluminescence and conductivity of self-assembled π–π stacks of perylene bisimide dyes
,” Chem.-Eur. J.
13
, 436
–449
(2007
).34.
S.
Samanta
, S. K.
Ray
, S.
Deolka
, S.
Saha
, K. R.
Pradeep
, R.
Bhowal
, N.
Ghosh
, and D.
Chaudhuri
, “Safeguarding long-lived excitons from excimer traps in H-aggregated dye-assemblies
,” Chem. Sci.
11
, 5710
–5715
(2020
).35.
W.
Popp
, M.
Polkehn
, R.
Binder
, and I.
Burghardt
, “Coherent charge transfer exciton formation in regioregular P3HT: A quantum dynamical study
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
10
, 3326
–3332
(2019
).36.
R.
Binder
and I.
Burghardt
, “First-principles quantum simulations of exciton diffusion on a minimal oligothiophene chain at finite temperature
,” Faraday Discuss.
221
, 406
–427
(2020
).37.
A.
Segalina
, X.
Assfeld
, A.
Monari
, and M.
Pastore
, “Computational modeling of exciton localization in self-assembled perylene helices: Effects of thermal motion and aggregate size
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
123
, 6427
–6437
(2019
).38.
M. R.
Talipov
, M. V.
Ivanov
, and R.
Rathore
, “Inclusion of asymptotic dependence of reorganization energy in the modified Marcus-based multistate model accurately predicts hole distribution in poly-p-phenylene wires (vol 120, pg 6402, 2016)
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
120
, 10720
(2016
).39.
R. L.
Fulton
and M.
Gouterman
, “Vibronic coupling. 1. Mathematical treatment for 2 electronic states
,” J. Chem. Phys.
35
, 1059
(1961
).40.
R. L.
Fulton
and M.
Gouterman
, “Vibronic coupling. 2. Spectra of dimers
,” J. Chem. Phys.
41
, 2280
(1964
).41.
F. P.
Diehl
, C.
Roos
, A.
Duymaz
, B.
Lunkenheimer
, A.
Köhn
, and T.
Basché
, “Emergence of coherence through variation of intermolecular distances in a series of molecular dimers
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
5
, 262
–269
(2014
).42.
P. H. P.
Harbach
and A.
Dreuw
, “A fresh look at excitonically coupled chromophores from a Jahn-Teller perspective
,” Chem. Phys.
377
, 78
–85
(2010
).43.
P.
Garcia-Fernandez
, L.
Andjelkovic
, M.
Zlatar
, M.
Gruden-Pavlovic
, and A.
Dreuw
, “A simple monomer-based model-Hamiltonian approach to combine excitonic coupling and Jahn-Teller theory
,” J. Chem. Phys.
139
, 174101
(2013
).44.
G.
Klebe
, F.
Graser
, E.
Hädicke
, and J.
Berndt
, “Crystallochromy as a solid-state effect—Correlation of molecular-conformation, crystal packing and color in perylene-3,4-9,10-bis(dicarboximide) pigments
,” Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci.
45
, 69
–77
(1989
).45.
M.
Wewer
and F.
Stienkemeier
, “Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of N,N′-dimethyl 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide monomers and oligomers attached to helium nanodroplets
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
7
, 1171
–1175
(2005
).46.
B.
Fimmel
, M.
Son
, Y. M.
Sung
, M.
Grüne
, B.
Engels
, D.
Kim
, and F.
Würthner
, “Phenylene ethynylene-tethered perylene bisimide folda-dimer and folda-trimer: Investigations on folding features in ground and excited states
,” Chem.-Eur. J.
21
, 615
–630
(2015
).47.
M.
Peric
, B.
Engels
, and S. D.
Peyerimhoff
, “Ab initio investigation of the vibronic structure of the C2H spectrum—Calculation of the hyperfine coupling-constants for the 3 lowest-lying electronic states
,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.
150
, 56
–69
(1991
).48.
M.
Peric
, B.
Engels
, and S. D.
Peyerimhoff
, “Ab initio investigation of the vibronic structure of the C2H spectrum—Computation of the vibronically averaged values for the hyperfine coupling-constants
,” J. Mol. Spectrosc.
150
, 70
–85
(1991
).49.
M. R.
Silva-Junior
, M.
Schreiber
, S. P. A.
Sauer
, and W.
Thiel
, “Benchmarks of electronically excited states: Basis set effects on CASPT2 results
,” J. Chem. Phys.
133
, 174318
(2010
).50.
M. R.
Silva-Junior
, M.
Schreiber
, S. P. A.
Sauer
, and W.
Thiel
, “Benchmarks for electronically excited states: Time-dependent density functional theory and density functional theory based multireference configuration interaction
,” J. Chem. Phys.
129
, 104103
(2008
).51.
M.
Schmittel
, J.-P.
Steffen
, M.
Maywald
, B.
Engels
, H.
Helten
, and P.
Musch
, “Ring size effects in the C2-C6 biradical cyclisation of enyne-allenes and the relevance for neocarzinostatin
,” J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2
2
, 1331
–1339
(2001
).52.
V.
Pless
, H. U.
Suter
, and B.
Engels
, “Ab initio study of the energy difference between the cyclic and linear-forms of the C6 molecule
,” J. Chem. Phys.
101
, 4042
–4048
(1994
).53.
H. U.
Suter
, V.
Pless
, M.
Ernzerhof
, and B.
Engels
, “Difficulties in the calculation of electron-spin-resonance parameters using density-functional methods
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
230
, 398
–404
(1994
).54.
A.
Hellweg
, S. A.
Grün
, and C.
Hättig
, “Benchmarking the performance of spin-component scaled CC2 in ground and electronically excited states
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
10
, 4119
–4127
(2008
).55.
O.
Christiansen
, H.
Koch
, and P.
Jørgensen
, “The second-order approximate coupled-cluster singles and doubles model CC2
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
243
, 409
–418
(1995
).56.
A.
Schäfer
, C.
Huber
, and R.
Ahlrichs
, “Fully optimized contracted Gaussian-basis sets of triple zeta valence quality for atoms Li to Kr
,” J. Chem. Phys.
100
, 5829
–5835
(1994
).57.
F.
Weigend
, M.
Häser
, H.
Patzelt
, and R.
Ahlrichs
, “RI-MP2: Optimized auxiliary basis sets and demonstration of efficiency
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
294
, 143
–152
(1998
).58.
K.
Eichkorn
, O.
Treutler
, H.
Öhm
, M.
Häser
, and R.
Ahlrichs
, “Auxiliary basis-sets to approximate Coulomb potentials
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
240
, 283
–289
(1995
).59.
N. O. C.
Winter
, N. K.
Graf
, S.
Leutwyler
, and C.
Hättig
, “Benchmarks for 0–0 transitions of aromatic organic molecules: DFT/B3LYP, ADC(2), CC2, SOS-CC2 and SCS-CC2 compared to high-resolution gas-phase data
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
15
, 6623
–6630
(2013
).60.
O.
Oeltermann
, C.
Brand
, B.
Engels
, J.
Tatchen
, and M.
Schmitt
, “The structure of 5-cyanoindole in the ground and the lowest electronically excited singlet states, deduced from rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy and ab initio theory
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
14
, 10266
–10270
(2012
).61.
J.-D.
Chai
and M.
Head-Gordon
, “Long-range corrected hybrid density functionals with damped atom-atom dispersion corrections
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
10
, 6615
–6620
(2008
).62.
T. H.
Dunning
, “Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. I. The atoms boron through neon and hydrogen
,” J. Chem. Phys.
90
, 1007
–1023
(1989
).63.
E. R.
Davidson
, “Comment on Dunning’s correlation-consistent basis sets—Comment
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
260
, 514
–518
(1996
).64.
D.
Bellinger
, J.
Pflaum
, C.
Brüning
, V.
Engel
, and B.
Engels
, “The electronic character of PTCDA thin films in comparison to other perylene-based organic semi-conductors: Ab initio-, TD-DFT and semi-empirical computations of the opto-electronic properties of large aggregates
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
19
, 2434
–2448
(2017
).65.
S.
Wirsing
, M.
Hänsel
, V.
Belova
, F.
Schreiber
, K.
Broch
, B.
Engels
, and P.
Tegeder
, “Excited-state dynamics in perylene-based organic semiconductor thin films: Theory meets experiment
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
123
, 27561
–27572
(2019
).66.
M. J.
Frisch
, Gaussian 16, Revision A.01, Gaussian, Inc.
, Wallingford, CT
, 2016
.67.
J.
Bloino
, M.
Biczysko
, F.
Santoro
, and V.
Barone
, “General approach to compute vibrationally resolved one-photon electronic spectra
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
6
, 1256
–1274
(2010
).68.
A.
Baiardi
, J.
Bloino
, and V.
Barone
, “General time dependent approach to vibronic spectroscopy including Franck-Condon, Herzberg-Teller, and Duschinsky effects
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
9
, 4097
–4115
(2013
).69.
S.
Miertus
, E.
Scrocco
, and J.
Tomasi
, “Electrostatic interaction of a solute with a continuum—A direct utilization of ab initio molecular potentials for the prevision of solvent effects
,” Chem. Phys.
55
, 117
–129
(1981
).70.
S.
Miertus
and J.
Tomasi
, “Approximate evaluations of the electrostatic free-energy and internal energy changes in solution processes
,” Chem. Phys.
65
, 239
–245
(1982
).71.
J. L.
Pascual-ahuir
, E.
Silla
, and I.
Tuñon
, “GEPOL—An improved description of molecular-surfaces. 3. A new algorithm for the computation of a solvent-excluding surface
,” J. Comput. Chem.
15
, 1127
–1138
(1994
).72.
B.
Mennucci
, R.
Cammi
, and J.
Tomasi
, “Excited states and solvatochromic shifts within a nonequilibrium solvation approach: A new formulation of the integral equation formalism method at the self-consistent field, configuration interaction, and multiconfiguration self-consistent field level
,” J. Chem. Phys.
109
, 2798
–2807
(1998
).73.
J.
Tomasi
, B.
Mennucci
, and R.
Cammi
, “Quantum mechanical continuum solvation models
,” Chem. Rev.
105
, 2999
–3093
(2005
).74.
C.
Brückner
and B.
Engels
, “Benchmarking singlet and triplet excitation energies of molecular semiconductors for singlet fission: Tuning the amount of HF exchange and adjusting local correlation to obtain accurate functionals for singlet-triplet gaps
,” Chem. Phys.
482
, 319
–338
(2017
).75.
F.
Plasser
, M.
Wormit
, and A.
Dreuw
, “New tools for the systematic analysis and visualization of electronic excitations. I. Formalism
,” J. Chem. Phys.
141
, 024106
(2014
).76.
F.
Plasser
, S. A.
Bappler
, M.
Wormit
, and A.
Dreuw
, “New tools for the systematic analysis and visualization of electronic excitations. II. Applications
,” J. Chem. Phys.
141
, 024107
(2014
).77.
B.
Engels
and S. D.
Peyerimhoff
, “The hyperfine coupling-constants of the X3∑− states of NH influence of polarization functions and configuration space on the description of spin polarization
,” Mol. Phys.
67
, 583
–600
(1989
).78.
B. A.
Engels
, “Detailed study of the configuration selected multireference configuration-interaction method combined with perturbation-theory to correct the wave-function
,” J. Chem. Phys.
100
, 1380
–1386
(1994
).79.
B. O.
Roos
, R.
Lindh
, P. A.
Malmqvist
, V.
Veryazov
, and P.-O.
Widmark
, Multiconfigurational Quantum Chemistry
(John Wiley & Sons
, Hoboken, NJ
, 216
).80.
C.
Brueckner
and B.
Engels
, “Benchmarking ground-state geometries and vertical excitation energies of a selection of P-type semiconducting molecules with different polarity
,” J. Phys. Chem. A
119
, 12876
–12891
(2015
).81.
C.
Walter
, V.
Kramer
, and B.
Engels
, “On the applicability of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and semiempirical methods to the computation of excited-state potential energy surfaces of perylene-based dye-aggregates
,” Int. J. Quantum Chem.
117
, e25337
(2017
).82.
J.
Auerswald
, B.
Engels
, I.
Fischer
, T.
Gerbich
, J.
Herterich
, A.
Krueger
, M.
Lang
, H.-C.
Schmitt
, C.
Schon
, and C.
Walter
, “The electronic structure of pyracene: A spectroscopic and computational study
,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
15
, 8151
–8161
(2013
).83.
W.
Liu
, V.
Settels
, P. H. P.
Harbach
, A.
Dreuw
, R. F.
Fink
, and B.
Engels
, “Assessment of TD-DFT- and TD-HF-based approaches for the prediction of exciton coupling parameters, potential energy curves, and electronic characters of electronically excited aggregates
,” J. Comput. Chem.
32
, 1971
–1981
(2011
).84.
A.
Fihey
and D.
Jacquemin
, “Performances of density functional tight-binding methods for describing ground and excited state geometries of organic molecules
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
15
, 6267
–6276
(2019
).85.
C.
Suellen
, R. G.
Freitas
, P.-F.
Loos
, and D.
Jacquemin
, “Cross-comparisons between experiment, TD-DFT, CC, and ADC for transition energies
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
15
, 4581
–4590
(2019
).86.
U.
Heinemeyer
, R.
Scholz
, L.
Gisslén
, M. I.
Alonso
, J. O.
Ossó
, M.
Garriga
, A.
Hinderhofer
, M.
Kytka
, S.
Kowarik
, A.
Gerlach
, and F.
Schreiber
, “Exciton-phonon coupling in diindenoperylene thin films
,” Phys. Rev. B
78
, 085210
(2008
).87.
E. M.
Huber
, G.
de Bruin
, W.
Heinemeyer
, G.
Paniagua Soriano
, H. S.
Overkleeft
, and M.
Groll
, “Systematic analyses of substrate preferences of 20S proteasomes using peptidic epoxyketone inhibitors
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
137
, 7835
–7842
(2015
).88.
V.
Stehr
, R. F.
Fink
, B.
Engels
, J.
Pflaum
, and C.
Deibel
, “Singlet exciton diffusion in organic crystals based on Marcus transfer rates
,” J. Chem. Theory Comput.
10
, 1242
–1255
(2014
).89.
M.
Malagoli
, V.
Coropceanu
, D. A.
da Silva Filho
, and J. L.
Brédas
, “A multimode analysis of the gas-phase photoelectron spectra in oligoacenes
,” J. Chem. Phys.
120
, 7490
–7496
(2004
).90.
U.
Müller
, L.
Roos
, M.
Frank
, M.
Deutsch
, S.
Hammer
, M.
Krumrein
, A.
Friedrich
, T. B.
Marder
, B.
Engels
, A.
Krueger
, and J.
Pflaum
, “Role of intermolecular interactions in the excited-state photophysics of tetracene and 2,2′-ditetracene
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
124
, 19435
(2020
).91.
S.
Kowarik
, A.
Gerlach
, S.
Sellner
, L.
Cavalcanti
, O.
Konovalov
, and F.
Schreiber
, “Real-time X-ray diffraction measurements of structural dynamics and polymorphism in diindenoperylene growth
,” Appl. Phys. A
95
, 233
–239
(2009
).92.
M. A.
Heinrich
, J.
Pflaum
, A. K.
Tripathi
, W.
Frey
, M. L.
Steigerwald
, and T.
Siegrist
, “Enantiotropic polymorphism in di-indenoperylene
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
111
, 18878
–18881
(2007
).93.
C.
Brückner
, “The electronic structure and optoelectronic processes at the interfaces in organic solar cells composed of small organic molecules—A computational analysis of molecular, intermolecular, and aggregate aspects
,” Ph.D. thesis, Universität Würzburg
, 2016
.© 2020 Author(s).
2020
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
