The study of the interaction of hypervelocity nano-particles with a 2D material and ultra-thin targets (single layer graphene, multi-layer graphene, and amorphous carbon foils) has been performed using mass selected gold nano-particles produced from a liquid metal ion source. During these impacts, a large number of atoms are ejected from the graphene, corresponding to a hole of ∼60 nm2. Additionally, for the first time, secondary ions have been observed simultaneously in both the transmission and reflection direction (with respect to the path of the projectile) from a 2D target. The ejected area is much larger than that predicted by molecular dynamic simulations and a large ionization rate is observed. The mass distribution and characteristics of the emitted secondary ions are presented and offer an insight into the process to produce the large hole observed in the graphene.

1.
S. M. M.
Ramos
,
N.
Bonardi
,
B.
Canut
, and
S.
Della-Negra
,
Phys. Rev. B
57
,
189
(
1998
).
2.
A.
Colder
,
B.
Canut
,
M.
Levalois
,
P.
Marie
,
X.
Portier
, and
S. M. M.
Ramos
,
J. Appl. Phys.
91
,
5853
(
2002
).
3.
F.-R. F.
Fan
and
A. J.
Bard
,
Nano Lett.
8
,
1746
(
2008
).
4.
A.
Delcorte
and
B. J.
Garrison
,
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B
303
,
179
(
2013
).
5.
M. A.
Park
,
K. A.
Gibson
,
L.
Quinones
, and
E. A.
Schweikert
,
Science
248
,
988
(
1990
).
6.
R. H.
Alex
and
R. R.
Roman
,
Astrophys. J.
781
,
52
(
2014
).
7.
R.
Seth
and
L. L.
Jeffrey
,
Astrophys. J.
673
,
283
(
2008
).
8.
D. S. N.
Parker
,
F.
Zhang
,
Y. S.
Kim
,
R. I.
Kaiser
,
A.
Landera
,
V. V.
Kislov
,
A. M.
Mebel
, and
A. G. G. M.
Tielens
,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
109
,
53
(
2012
).
9.
O.
Lehtinen
,
J.
Kotakoski
,
A. V.
Krasheninnikov
,
A.
Tolvanen
,
K.
Nordlund
, and
J.
Keinonen
,
Phys. Rev. B
81
,
153401
(
2010
).
10.
T.-H.
Fang
,
T.
Wang
,
J.-C.
Yang
, and
Y.-J.
Hsiao
,
Nanoscale Res. Lett.
6
,
481
(
2011
).
11.
W.
Wang
,
S.
Li
,
J.
Min
,
C.
Yi
,
Y.
Zhan
, and
M.
Li
,
Nanoscale Res. Lett.
9
,
41
(
2014
).
12.
X. Y.
Liu
,
F. C.
Wang
,
H. S.
Park
, and
H. A.
Wu
,
J. Appl. Phys.
114
,
054313
(
2013
).
13.
S.
Liu
,
Q.
Zhao
,
J.
Xu
,
K.
Yan
,
H.
Peng
,
F.
Yang
,
L.
You
, and
D.
Yu
,
Nanotechnology
23
,
085301
(
2012
).
14.
S.
Zhao
,
J.
Xue
,
L.
Liang
,
Y.
Wang
, and
S.
Yan
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
116
,
11776
(
2012
).
15.
A.
Delcorte
,
B. J.
Garrison
, and
K.
Hamraoui
,
Anal. Chem.
81
,
6676
(
2009
).
16.
J. D.
Debord
,
S.
Della-Negra
,
F. A.
Fernandez-Lima
,
S. V.
Verkhoturov
, and
E. A.
Schweikert
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
116
,
8138
(
2012
).
17.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4906343 for Raman spectroscopy results for single layer and two layer graphene samples, summary of the results from lacey carbon, and procedure for obtaining TEM images.
18.
S.
Della-Negra
,
J.
Arianer
,
J.
Depauw
,
S. V.
Verkhoturov
, and
E. A.
Schweikert
,
Surf. Interface Anal.
43
,
66
(
2011
).
19.
R. D.
Rickman
,
S. V.
Verkhoturov
,
G. J.
Hager
, and
E. A.
Schweikert
,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom.
245
,
48
(
2005
).
20.
R. D.
Rickman
,
S. V.
Verkhoturov
, and
E. A.
Schweikert
,
Appl. Surf. Sci.
54
,
231
232
(
2004
).
21.
H.
Feld
,
R.
Zurmuehlen
,
A.
Leute
, and
A.
Benninghoven
,
J. Phys. Chem.
94
,
4595
(
1990
).
22.
W.
Guthier
,
O.
Becker
,
S. D.
Negra
,
W.
Knippelberg
,
Y.
Le Beyec
,
U.
Weikert
,
K.
Wien
,
P.
Wieser
, and
R.
Wurster
,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys.
53
,
185
(
1983
).
23.
M.
Most
,
K.
Wien
,
A.
Brunelle
,
S.
Della Negra
,
J.
Depauw
,
D.
Jacquet
,
M.
Pautrat
, and
Y.
LeBeyec
,
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B
168
,
203
(
2000
).
24.
K.
Wien
,
O.
Becker
, and
W.
Guthier
,
Radiat. Eff.
99
,
267
(
1986
).
25.
S.
Della-Negra
,
Y.
Beyec
,
B.
Monart
,
K.
Standing
, and
K.
Wien
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
58
,
17
(
1987
).
26.
R.
Paruch
,
L.
Rzeznik
,
M. F.
Russo
,
B. J.
Garrison
, and
Z.
Postawa
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
114
,
5532
(
2009
).
27.
J. F.
Ziegler
,
J. P.
Biersack
, and
U.
Littmark
,
The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids
(
Pergamon
,
1985
).
28.
K.
Kim
,
V. I.
Artyukhov
,
W.
Regan
,
Y.
Liu
,
M. F.
Crommie
,
B. I.
Yakobson
, and
A.
Zettl
,
Nano Lett.
12
,
293
(
2011
).
29.
M.-Q.
Le
and
R. C.
Batra
,
Comput. Mater. Sci.
69
,
381
(
2013
).
30.
B. J.
Garrison
,
Z.
Postawa
,
K. E.
Ryan
,
J. C.
Vickerman
,
R. P.
Webb
, and
N.
Winograd
,
Anal. Chem.
81
,
2260
(
2009
).
31.
P.
Koskinen
,
S.
Malola
, and
H.
Häkkinen
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
101
,
115502
(
2008
).
32.
Y.
Cohen
and
E.
Kolodney
,
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B
269
,
985
(
2011
).

Supplementary Material

You do not currently have access to this content.