We describe the implementation of the response algorithm for solving the Kohn–Sham equations and equations of similar structure that appear frequently in calculations of the structure of inhomogeneous many-body systems. The algorithm solves directly for the (spin) density. We have implemented the method for arbitrary geometries in a way that does not need the explicit calculation of unoccupied states. We apply the method to the two sample molecules C6H6 and C60, as well as to the metal clusters Mg30 and Na40. Starting from very rough guesses for the initial electron density, convergence is reached significantly faster than with previous update algorithms.

1.
P.
Hohenberg
and
W.
Kohn
,
Phys. Rev.
136
,
B864
(
1964
).
2.
W.
Kohn
and
L. J.
Sham
,
Phys. Rev.
140
,
A1133
(
1965
).
3.
U.
von Barth
and
L.
Hedin
,
J. Phys. C
5
,
1629
(
1972
).
4.
A. K.
Rajagopal
and
J.
Callaway
,
Phys. Rev. B
7
,
1912
(
1973
).
5.
W.
Kohn
, and
P.
Vashishta
, in
Theory of the Inhomogeneous Electron Gas
, edited by
S.
Lundqvist
and
N. H.
March
(
Plenum
,
New York
,
1983
), p.
79
.
6.
M.
Levy
,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
76
,
6062
(
1979
).
7.
V.
Eyert
,
J. Comput. Phys.
124
,
271
(
1996
).
8.
R.
Monnier
and
J. P.
Perdew
,
Phys. Rev. B
17
,
2595
(
1978
).
9.
V.
Blum
,
G.
Lauritsch
,
J. A.
Maruhn
, and
P.-G.
Reinhard
,
J. Comput. Phys.
100
,
364
(
1992
).
10.
J.
Auer
and
E.
Krotscheck
,
Comput. Phys. Commun.
118
,
139
(
1999
).
11.
T.
Torsti
,
V.
Lindberg
,
I.
Makkonen
,
E. R. E.
Ogando
,
H.
Saarikoski
,
M. J.
Puska
, and
R. M.
Nieminen
, “
Real-space electronic-property calculations for nanoscale structures
,” in
Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology
, edited by
M.
Rieth
and
W.
Schommers
(
American Scientific Publishers
,
Valencia, California
,
2006
), Vol.
8
, pp.
771
795
.
12.
J.
Auer
and
E.
Krotscheck
,
Comput. Phys. Commun.
151
,
265
(
2003
).
13.
M.
Giantomassi
,
M.
Stankovski
,
R.
Shaltaf
,
M.
Gruning
,
F.
Bruneval
,
P.
Rinke
, and
G.-M.
Rignanese
,
Phys. Status Solidi B
248
,
275
(
2011
).
14.
P.-M.
Anglade
and
X.
Gonze
,
Phys. Rev. B
78
,
045126
(
2008
).
15.
K.-M.
Ho
,
J.
Ihm
, and
J. D.
Joannopoulos
,
Phys. Rev. B
25
,
4260
(
1982
).
16.
A.
Sawamura
and
M.
Kohyama
,
Mater Trans., JIM
45
,
1422
(
2004
).
17.
18.
Y.
Saad
,
Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems
(
SIAM
,
2003
).
19.
R.
Sternheimer
,
Phys. Rev.
84
,
244
(
1951
).
20.
S.
Baroni
,
S.
de Gironcoli
, and
A. D.
Corso
,
Rev. Mod. Phys.
73
,
515
(
2001
).
21.
G. L. G.
Sleijpen
and
D. R.
Fokkema
,
Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal.
1
,
11
(
1993
).
22.
G. L. G.
Sleijpen
and
H. A.
van der Vorst
,
Numer. Algorithms
10
,
203
(
1995
).
23.
G. L. G.
Sleijpen
and
H. A.
van der Vorst
,
Computing
56
,
141
(
1996
).
24.
S.
Janecek
,
E.
Krotscheck
,
M.
Liebrecht
, and
R.
Wahl
, “
Structure of Mgn and
${\rm Mg}^+_n$
Mg n+
clusters up to n = 30
,”
Eur. Phys. J. D
63
,
377
390
(
2011
).
25.
T. L.
Beck
,
Rev. Mod. Phys.
72
,
1041
(
2000
).
26.
J. R.
Chelikowsky
,
N.
Troullier
, and
Y.
Saad
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
72
,
1240
(
1994
).
27.
E. L.
Briggs
,
D. J.
Sullivan
, and
J.
Bernholc
,
Phys. Rev. B
54
,
14362
(
1996
).
28.
J. J.
Mortensen
,
L. B.
Hansen
, and
K. W.
Jacobsen
,
Phys. Rev. B
71
,
035109
(
2005
).
29.
M.
Heiskanen
,
T.
Torsti
,
M. J.
Puska
, and
R. M.
Nieminen
,
Phys. Rev. B
63
,
245106
(
2001
).
30.
R.
Schmid
,
M.
Tafipolsky
,
P. H.
Konig
, and
H.
Kostler
,
Phys. Status Solidi B
243
,
1001
(
2006
).
31.
E. R.
Hernández
,
S.
Janecek
,
M. S.
Kaczmarski
, and
E.
Krotscheck
,
Phys. Rev. B
75
,
075108
(
2007
).
32.
X.
Andrade
,
J.
Alberdi-Rodriguez
,
D. A.
Strubbe
,
M. J. T.
Oliveira
,
F.
Nogueira
,
A.
Castro
,
J.
Muguerza
,
A.
Arruabarrena
,
S. G.
Louie
,
A.
Aspuru-Guzik
,
A.
Rubio
, and
M. A. L.
Marques
,
J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
24
,
233202
(
2012
) and the references therein.
33.
J.
Auer
,
E.
Krotscheck
, and
S. A.
Chin
,
J. Chem. Phys.
115
,
6841
(
2001
).
34.
S. A.
Chin
,
S.
Janecek
, and
E.
Krotscheck
,
Chem. Phys. Lett.
470
,
342
(
2009
).
35.
J. P.
Perdew
and
Y.
Wang
,
Phys. Rev. B
45
,
13244
(
1992
).
36.
C.
Fiolhais
,
J. P.
Perdew
,
S. Q.
Armster
,
J. M.
MacLaren
, and
M.
Brajczewska
,
Phys. Rev. B
51
,
14001
(
1995
).
37.
N.
Troullier
and
J. L.
Martins
,
Phys. Rev. B
43
,
1993
(
1991
).
You do not currently have access to this content.