We study the description of charge-transfer excitations in a series of coumarin-based donor-bridge-acceptor dyes. We show that excellent predictive power for the excitation energies and oscillator strengths in these systems is obtained by using a range-separated hybrid functional within the generalized Kohn–Sham approach to time-dependent density functional theory. Key to this success is a step for tuning the range separation parameter from first principles. We explore different methods for this tuning step, which are variants of a recently suggested approach for charge-transfer excitations [T. Stein et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.131, 2818 (2009)]. We assess the quality of prediction by comparing to excitation energies previously published for the same systems using the approximate coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CC2) method.

1.
N. S.
Sariciftci
,
L.
Smilowitz
,
A. J.
Heeger
, and
F.
Wudl
,
Science
258
,
1474
(
1992
).
2.
L.
Schmidt-Mende
,
A.
Fechtenkotter
,
K.
Mullen
,
E.
Moons
,
R. H.
Friend
, and
J. D.
MacKenzie
,
Science
293
,
1119
(
2001
).
3.
K.
Hara
,
T.
Sato
,
R.
Katoh
,
A.
Furube
,
Y.
Ohga
,
A.
Shinpo
,
S.
Suga
,
K.
Sayama
,
H.
Sugihara
, and
H.
Arakawa
,
J. Phys. Chem. B
107
,
597
(
2003
).
4.
Z. S.
Wang
,
K.
Hara
,
Y.
Dan-Oh
,
C.
Kasada
,
A.
Shinpo
,
S.
Suga
,
H.
Arakawa
, and
H.
Sugihara
,
J. Phys. Chem. B
109
,
3907
(
2005
).
5.
K.
Hara
,
M.
Kurashige
,
Y.
Dan-oh
,
C.
Kasada
,
A.
Shinpo
,
S.
Suga
,
K.
Sayama
, and
H.
Arakawa
,
New J. Chem.
27
,
783
(
2003
).
6.
W. M.
Campbell
,
K. W.
Jolley
,
P.
Wagner
,
K.
Wagner
,
P. J.
Walsh
,
K. C.
Gordon
,
L.
Schmidt-Mende
,
M. K.
Nazeeruddin
,
Q.
Wang
,
M.
Grätzel
, and
D. L.
Officer
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
111
,
11760
(
2007
).
7.
B.
O'Regan
and
M.
Grätzel
,
Nature (London)
353
,
737
(
1991
).
8.
B. A.
Gregg
,
Coord. Chem. Rev.
248
,
1215
(
2004
).
9.
Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory
, edited by
M.
Marques
,
A.
Rubio
,
C. A.
Ullrich
,
K.
Burke
,
F.
Nogueira
, and
A.
Gross
(
Springer
,
New York
,
2006
).
10.
E.
Runge
and
E. K. U.
Gross
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
52
,
997
(
1984
).
11.
D.
Jacquemin
,
E. A.
Perpete
,
G. E.
Scuseria
,
I.
Ciofini
, and
C.
Adamo
,
J. Chem. Theory Comput.
4
,
123
(
2008
).
12.
C.
Adamo
,
G. E.
Scuseria
, and
V.
Barone
,
J. Chem. Phys.
111
,
2889
(
1999
).
13.
K.
Burke
,
J.
Werschnik
, and
E. K. U.
Gross
,
J. Chem. Phys.
123
,
062206
(
2005
).
14.
J. R.
Chelikowsky
,
L.
Kronik
, and
I.
Vasiliev
,
J. Phys. Condens. Matter
15
,
R1517
(
2003
).
15.
A.
Zangwill
and
P.
Soven
,
Phys. Rev. A
21
,
1561
(
1980
).
16.
M. E.
Casida
, in
Recent Developments and Applications in Density Functional Theory
, edited by
J. M.
Seminario
(
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam
,
1996
), p.
391
.
17.
D. J.
Tozer
,
J. Chem. Phys.
119
,
12697
(
2003
).
18.
A.
Dreuw
,
J. L.
Weisman
, and
M.
Head-Gordon
,
J. Chem. Phys.
119
,
2943
(
2003
).
19.
T.
Ziegler
,
M.
Seth
,
M.
Krykunov
,
J.
Autschbach
, and
F.
Wang
,
J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM
914
,
106
(
2009
).
20.
R. S.
Mulliken
,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
72
,
600
(
1950
).
21.
22.
T.
Stein
,
L.
Kronik
, and
R.
Baer
,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
131
,
2818
(
2009
).
23.
B. M.
Wong
and
J. G.
Cordaro
,
J. Chem. Phys.
129
,
214703
(
2008
).
24.
J. D.
Chai
and
M.
Head-Gordon
,
J. Chem. Phys.
128
,
084106
(
2008
).
25.
Y.
Tawada
,
T.
Tsuneda
,
S.
Yanagisawa
,
T.
Yanai
, and
K.
Hirao
,
J. Chem. Phys.
120
,
8425
(
2004
).
26.
A. W.
Lange
,
M. A.
Rohrdanz
, and
J. M.
Herbert
,
J. Phys. Chem. B
112
,
6304
(
2008
).
27.
B. M.
Wong
,
M.
Piacenza
, and
F.
Della Sala
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
11
,
4498
(
2009
).
28.
M. A.
Rohrdanz
,
K. M.
Martins
, and
J. M.
Herbert
,
J. Chem. Phys.
130
,
054112
(
2009
).
29.
M. A.
Rohrdanz
and
J. M.
Herbert
,
J. Chem. Phys.
129
,
034107
(
2008
).
30.
E.
Epifanovsky
,
I.
Polyakov
,
B.
Grigorenko
,
A.
Nemukhin
, and
A. I.
Krylov
,
J. Chem. Theory Comput.
5
,
1895
(
2009
).
31.
N.
Govind
,
M.
Valiev
,
L.
Jensen
, and
K.
Kowalski
,
J. Phys. Chem. A
113
,
6041
(
2009
).
32.
Y.
Akinaga
and
S.
Ten-No
,
Int. J. Quantum Chem.
109
,
1905
(
2009
).
33.
M. J. G.
Peach
,
C. R.
Le Sueur
,
K.
Ruud
,
M.
Guillaume
, and
D. J.
Tozer
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
11
,
4465
(
2009
).
34.
A.
Mohammed
,
H.
Agren
, and
P.
Norman
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
11
,
4539
(
2009
).
35.
J.
Andzelm
,
B. C.
Rinderspacher
,
A.
Rawlett
,
J.
Dougherty
,
R.
Baer
, and
N.
Govind
,
J. Chem. Theory Comput.
5
,
2835
(
2009
).
36.
T.
Leininger
,
H.
Stoll
,
H. -J.
Werner
, and
A.
Savin
,
Chem. Phys. Lett.
275
,
151
(
1997
).
37.
H.
Iikura
,
T.
Tsuneda
,
T.
Yanai
, and
K.
Hirao
,
J. Chem. Phys.
115
,
3540
(
2001
).
38.
T.
Yanai
,
D. P.
Tew
, and
N. C.
Handy
,
Chem. Phys. Lett.
393
,
51
(
2004
).
39.
R.
Baer
and
D.
Neuhauser
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
94
,
043002
(
2005
).
40.
T. M.
Henderson
,
B. G.
Janesko
, and
G. E.
Scuseria
,
J. Chem. Phys.
128
,
194105
(
2008
).
41.
S.
Kümmel
and
L.
Kronik
,
Rev. Mod. Phys.
80
,
3
(
2008
).
42.
R.
Baer
,
E.
Livshits
, and
U.
Salzner
,
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physchem.012809.103321 (2009).
43.
A.
Seidl
,
A.
Gorling
,
P.
Vogl
,
J. A.
Majewski
, and
M.
Levy
,
Phys. Rev. B
53
,
3764
(
1996
).
44.
A.
Savin
, in
Recent Advances in Density Functional Methods Part I
, edited by
D. P.
Chong
(
World Scientific
,
Singapore
,
1995
), p.
129
.
45.
A.
Savin
and
H. J.
Flad
,
Int. J. Quantum Chem.
56
,
327
(
1995
).
46.
H.
Stoll
and
A.
Savin
, in
Density Functional Methods in Physics
edited by
R. M.
Dreizler
and
J.
da Providencia
(
Plenum
,
New York
,
1985
), p.
177
.
47.
Y.
Zhao
and
D. G.
Truhlar
[
J. Phys. Chem.
110
,
13126
(
2006
)] have proposed a different route to correcting the long-range behavior of the potential. In their suggested functional called M06-HF, 100% of the Fock operator is added to a suitably empirically optimized hybrid meta-GGA functional. They have been able to show that adiabatic linear-response TDDFT based on M06 yields excellent results for the charge transfer energy of donor-acceptor pairs separated by a large distance, e.g., C2H4C2F4 and NH3F2;
However, as
Y.
Zhao
and
D. G.
Truhlar
discuss in detail elsewhere [
Acc. Chem. Res.
41
,
157
(
2008
)], adding 100% of exact exchange does not come without a cost in the accuracy of the correlation energy and therefore M06-HF is not the recommended functional “across the board.” To the best of our knowledge, the performance of M06-HF has not been assessed for charge-transfer excitations of donor-acceptor complexes at realistic distances or for donor-bridge-acceptor systems of the type studied here. Because M06-HF is not a range-separated functional, we do not discuss it further here.
[PubMed]
48.
A. V.
Krukau
,
G. E.
Scuseria
,
J. P.
Perdew
, and
A.
Savin
,
J. Chem. Phys.
129
,
124103
(
2008
).
49.
E.
Livshits
and
R.
Baer
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
9
,
2932
(
2007
).
50.
E.
Livshits
and
R.
Baer
,
J. Phys. Chem. A
112
,
12789
(
2008
).
51.
Y.
Kurashige
,
T.
Nakajima
,
S.
Kurashige
,
K.
Hirao
, and
Y.
Nishikitani
,
J. Phys. Chem. A
111
,
5544
(
2007
).
52.
O.
Christiansen
,
H.
Koch
, and
P.
Jørgensen
,
Chem. Phys. Lett.
243
,
409
(
1995
).
53.
O. A.
Vydrov
and
G. E.
Scuseria
,
J. Chem. Phys.
125
,
234109
(
2006
).
54.
M. J. G.
Peach
,
T.
Helgaker
,
P.
Salek
,
T. W.
Keal
,
O. B.
Lutnaes
,
D. J.
Tozer
, and
N. C.
Handy
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
8
,
558
(
2006
).
55.
Y.
Shao
,
L. F.
Molnar
,
Y.
Jung
,
J.
Kussmann
,
C.
Ochsenfeld
,
S. T.
Brown
,
A. T. B.
Gilbert
,
L. V.
Slipchenko
,
S. V.
Levchenko
,
D. P.
ONeill
,
R. A.
DiStasio
, Jr.
,
R. C.
Lochan
,
T.
Wang
,
G. J. O.
Beran
,
N. A.
Besley
,
J. M.
Herbert
,
C. Y.
Lin
,
T.
Van Voorhis
,
S. H.
Chien
,
A.
Sodt
,
R. P.
Steele
,
V. A.
Rassolov
,
P. E.
Maslen
,
P. P.
Korambath
,
R. D.
Adamson
,
B.
Austin
,
J.
Baker
,
E. F. C.
Byrd
,
H.
Dachsel
,
R. J.
Doerksen
,
A.
Dreuw
,
B. D.
Dunietz
,
A. D.
Dutoi
,
T. R.
Furlani
,
S. R.
Gwaltney
,
A.
Heyden
,
S.
Hirata
,
C. -P.
Hsu
,
G.
Kedziora
,
R. Z.
Khalliulin
,
P.
Klunzinger
,
A. M.
Lee
,
M. S.
Lee
,
W. Z.
Liang
,
I.
Lotan
,
N.
Nair
,
B.
Peters
,
E. I.
Proynov
,
P. A.
Pieniazek
,
Y. M.
Rhee
,
J.
Ritchie
,
E.
Rosta
,
C. D.
Sherrill
,
A. C.
Simmonett
,
J. E.
Subotnik
,
H. L.
Woodcock
 III
,
W.
Zhang
,
A. T.
Bell
, and
A. K.
Chakraborty
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
8
,
3172
(
2006
).
56.
J.
Toulouse
,
A.
Savin
, and
H. J.
Flad
,
Int. J. Quantum Chem.
100
,
1047
(
2004
).
57.
C. -O.
Almbladh
and
U.
von-Barth
,
Phys. Rev. B
31
,
3231
(
1985
).
58.
J. P.
Perdew
,
R. G.
Parr
,
M.
Levy
, and
J. L.
Balduz
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
49
,
1691
(
1982
).
59.
In the examples above we break the bond between the electron-donating aniline group and the bridge, we then add hydrogens so that the two fragments are stable. The aniline part is the donor and the second fragment, namely the cyanoacrylic acid connected to the bridge, is the acceptor.
60.
M.
Schreiber
,
M. R.
Silva-Junior
,
S. P. A.
Sauer
, and
W.
Thiel
,
J. Chem. Phys.
128
,
134110
(
2008
).
You do not currently have access to this content.