High-strain active materials often exhibit relaxation in their response to an electric or magnetic field. This phenomenon has been previously described by a loss factor (tangent of the phase shift). However, the loss factor cannot express frequency-dependent, nonperiodic time-dependent, or nonlinear responses, therefore more fundamental material constants are needed. We present a phenomenological model that describes the time- and frequency-dependent behavior of electromechanically (piezoelectric and electrostrictive) and magnetomechanically (magnetic shape memory and magnetostrictive) active materials. Expanding rheology, we introduce electrorheological and magnetorheological models incorporating time constants corresponding not only to the viscoelastic response, i.e., strain versus stress, but also: (1) polarization or magnetization versus field, (2) strain versus polarization or magnetization, (3) ferro- and antiferroelectric, ferro- and antiferromagnetic, or ferroelastic domain switching under applied field and/or stress. A single set of constitutive equations is obtained that can describe pure and mixed cases of ferroic, antiferroic, and nonferroic response. The simulated behavior agrees well with experimental data for both polycrystalline piezoelectrics and high electromechanical strain single crystals.
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1 December 2000
Research Article|
December 01 2000
Generalized rheology of active materials
Andrey N. Soukhojak;
Andrey N. Soukhojak
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Yet-Ming Chiang
Yet-Ming Chiang
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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J. Appl. Phys. 88, 6902–6909 (2000)
Article history
Received:
July 12 2000
Accepted:
September 18 2000
Citation
Andrey N. Soukhojak, Yet-Ming Chiang; Generalized rheology of active materials. J. Appl. Phys. 1 December 2000; 88 (11): 6902–6909. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1324689
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