Measurements are reported of anelastic and dielectric loss of various ambers and copals. They show spectra typical of synthetic polymers. This similarity permits description of the macromolecular character of amber which was not possible from previous studies of chemical composition. Measurements on amber of several origins and geological ages show generally similar character, but also differences in detail. These may be caused by differences in chemistry of the original resin and the geological age and history of the amber, reflecting differences in degree of polymerization. Also reported are elastic constants measured at high frequency.
REFERENCES
1.
N. G. McCrum, B. E. Read, and G. Williams, Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Solids (Wiley, New York, 1967).
2.
T. Murayama, Dynamic Aspects of Polymeric Material (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978).
3.
M.
Mansfield
and R. H.
Boyd
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys.
16
, 1227
(1978
).4.
I. Perepechko, Low Temperature Properties of Polymers, translated from the Russian by A. Beknazarov (Mir, Moscow, 1980), Chaps. 4 and 6, pp. 110–126 and 178‐205.
5.
D. H.
Reneker
and J.
Mazur
, J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq.
46
, C10
‐499
(1985
).6.
7.
C. A.
Wert
, M.
Weller
, and D.
Caulfield
, J. Appl. Phys.
56
, 2453
(1984
).8.
9.
10.
A. S. Nowick and B. S. Berry, Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids (Academic, New York, 1972).
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
J. B.
Lambert
, J. S.
Frye
, and G. O.
Poinar
, Jr., Archaeometry
27
, 43
(1985
).18.
L. Schmid, in Handbuch der Mineralchemie, Band IV, edited by C. Doelter and H. Leitmeier (Theodor Steinkopff, Dresden, 1931), p. 842.
19.
P. Rice, Amber, The Golden Gem of the Ages (Van Nostrand and Rheinold, New York, 1980).
20.
H. Fraquet, Amber (Butterworths, London, 1987).
21.
D. Schlee, in Bernstein Neuigkeiten, Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 1984), Ser. C, No. 18.
22.
23.
P. W. van Krevelen, Coal—Typology, Chemistry, Physics, Constitution (Elsevier, New York, 1981).
24.
R. E. Winans and J. C. Crelling, Chemistry and Characterization of Coal Macerals, ACS Symposium Series No. 252 (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984).
25.
26.
27.
P. Debye, Polar Molecules, Chemical Catalog Co. (reprinted by Dover, New York, 1929).
28.
V. V. Daniel, Dielectric Relaxation (Academic, New York, 1967).
29.
A. R. Blythe, Electrical Properties of Polymers (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979).
30.
John Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1980).
31.
32.
33.
34.
L. Schmid, Geschichte and Technik des Bernsteins, Deutsches Museum, Abhandlungen und Berichte (VDI, Berlin, 1941), Vol. 13, Chap. 3, pp. 1–32.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
R. J.
Morgan
, L. E.
Nielsen
, and R.
Buchdahl
, J. Appl. Phys.
42
, 4653
(1971
).45.
G. O. Aspinall, in The Carbohydrates, 2nd ed., edited by W. Pigman and D. Horton (Academic, New York, 1970), Chap. 39, p. 515.
46.
F. Smith and R. Montgomery, The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Muscilages (Reinhold, New York, 1959).
47.
48.
49.
W. P. Mason, in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd ed. (McGraw‐Hill, New York, 1972), pp. 3–98.
50.
51.
52.
H. M.
Ledbetter
, S.
Chevacharoenkul
, and R. F.
Davis
, J. Appl. Phys.
60
, 1614
(1986
).
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1989 American Institute of Physics.
1989
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.
