Interlayer excitons in two-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures show suppressed electron–hole overlap resulting in longer radiative lifetimes as compared to intralayer excitons. Such tightly bound interlayer excitons are relevant for important optoelectronic applications, including light storage and quantum communication. Their optical accessibility is, however, limited due to their out-of-plane transition dipole moment. In this work, we design a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible photonic integrated chip platform for enhanced near-field coupling of these interlayer excitons with the whispering gallery modes of a microresonator, exploiting the high confinement of light in a small modal volume and high-quality factor of the system. Our platform allows for highly selective emission routing via engineering an asymmetric light transmission that facilitates efficient readout and channeling of the excitonic valley state from such systems.
REFERENCES
1.
K.
Novoselov
, O. A.
Mishchenko
, O. A.
Carvalho
, and A.
Castro Neto
, “2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures
,” Science
353
, aac9439
(2016
). 2.
X.
Xu
, W.
Yao
, D.
Xiao
, and T. F.
Heinz
, “Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides
,” Nat. Phys.
10
, 343
(2014
). 3.
A.
Reserbat-Plantey
, I.
Epstein
, I.
Torre
, A. T.
Costa
, P. A. D.
Gonçalves
, N. A.
Mortensen
, M.
Polini
, J. C. W.
Song
, N. M. R.
Peres
, and F. H. L.
Koppens
, “Quantum nanophotonics in two-dimensional materials
,” ACS Photonics
8
, 85
(2021
). 4.
H.
Baek
, M.
Brotons-Gisbert
, Z. X.
Koong
, A.
Campbell
, M.
Rambach
, K.
Watanabe
, T.
Taniguchi
, and B. D.
Gerardot
, “Highly energy-tunable quantum light from Moiré-trapped excitons
,” Sci. Adv.
6
, eaba8526
(2020
). 5.
N. P.
Wilson
, W.
Yao
, J.
Shan
, and X.
Xu
, “Excitons and emergent quantum phenomena in stacked 2D semiconductors
,” Nature
599
, 383
(2021
). 6.
K.-Q.
Lin
, P. E. F.
Junior
, J. M.
Bauer
, B.
Peng
, B.
Monserrat
, M.
Gmitra
, J.
Fabian
, S.
Bange
, and J. M.
Lupton
, “Twist-angle engineering of excitonic quantum interference and optical nonlinearities in stacked 2D semiconductors
,” Nat. Commun.
12
, 1553
(2021
). 7.
M.
Turunen
, M.
Brotons-Gisbert
, Y.
Dai
, Y.
Wang
, E.
Scerri
, C.
Bonato
, K. D.
Jöns
, Z.
Sun
, and B. D.
Gerardot
, “Quantum photonics with layered 2D materials
,” Nat. Rev. Phys.
4
, 219
–236
(2022
). 8.
A.
Ciarrocchi
, F.
Tagarelli
, A.
Avsar
, and A.
Kis
, “Excitonic devices with van der Waals heterostructures: Valleytronics meets twistronics
,” Nat. Rev. Mater.
7
, 449
–464
(2022
). 9.
J. R.
Schaibley
, H.
Yu
, G.
Clark
, P.
Rivera
, J. S.
Ross
, K. L.
Seyler
, W.
Yao
, and X.
Xu
, “Valleytronics in 2D materials
,” Nat. Rev. Mater.
1
, 16055
(2016
). 10.
S. A.
Vitale
, D.
Nezich
, J. O.
Varghese
, P.
Kim
, N.
Gedik
, P.
Jarillo-Herrero
, D.
Xiao
, and M.
Rothschild
, “Valleytronics: Opportunities, challenges, and paths forward
,” Small
14
, 1801483
(2018
). 11.
F.
Langer
, C. P.
Schmid
, S.
Schlauderer
, M.
Gmitra
, J.
Fabian
, P.
Nagler
, C.
Schüller
, T.
Korn
, P. G.
Hawkins
, J. T.
Steiner
, U.
Huttner
, S. W.
Koch
, M.
Kira
, and R.
Huber
, “Lightwave valleytronics in a monolayer of tungsten diselenide
,” Nature
557
, 76
(2018
). 12.
K. F.
Mak
, D.
Xiao
, and J.
Shan
, “Light–valley interactions in 2D semiconductors
,” Nat. Photonics
12
, 451
(2018
). 13.
Z.
Li
, T.
Wang
, S.
Miao
, Z.
Lian
, and S.-F.
Shi
, “Fine structures of valley-polarized excitonic states in monolayer transitional metal dichalcogenides
,” Nanophotonics
9
, 1811
(2020
). 14.
P.
Chen
, T. W.
Lo
, Y.
Fan
, S.
Wang
, H.
Huang
, and D.
Lei
, “Chiral coupling of valley excitons and light through photonic spin–orbit interactions
,” Adv. Opt. Mater.
8
, 1901233
(2019
). 15.
A.
Krasnok
and A.
Alù
, “Valley-selective response of nanostructures coupled to 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides
,” Appl. Sci.
8
, 1157
(2018
). 16.
L.
Eswaramoorthy
, S.
Mokkapati
, and A.
Kumar
, “Engineering purcell factor anisotropy for dark and bright excitons in two dimensional semiconductors
,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
55
, 225103
(2022
). 17.
P.
Rivera
, H.
Yu
, K. L.
Seyler
, N. P.
Wilson
, W.
Yao
, and X.
Xu
, “Interlayer valley excitons in heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
13
, 1004
(2018
). 18.
M.
Palummo
, M.
Bernardi
, and J. C.
Grossman
, “Exciton radiative lifetimes in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
,” Nano Lett.
15
, 2794
(2015
). 19.
A.
Surrente
, Ł.
Kłopotowski
, N.
Zhang
, M.
Baranowski
, A. A.
Mitioglu
, M. V.
Ballottin
, P. C.
Christianen
, D.
Dumcenco
, Y.-C.
Kung
, D. K.
Maude
, A.
Kis
, and P.
Plochocka
, “Intervalley scattering of interlayer excitons in a MoS/MoSe/MoS heterostructure in high magnetic field
,” Nano Lett.
18
, 3994
(2018
). 20.
D.
Xiao
, G.-B.
Liu
, W.
Feng
, X.
Xu
, and W.
Yao
, “Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS and other group-VI dichalcogenides
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
, 196802
(2012
). 21.
K. F.
Mak
, K.
He
, J.
Shan
, and T. F.
Heinz
, “Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS by optical helicity
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
7
, 494
(2012
). 22.
T.
Cao
, G.
Wang
, W.
Han
, H.
Ye
, C.
Zhu
, J.
Shi
, Q.
Niu
, P.
Tan
, E.
Wang
, B.
Liu
, and J.
Feng
, “Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide
,” Nat. Commun.
3
, 1
(2012
). 23.
G.
Wang
, C.
Robert
, M. M.
Glazov
, F.
Cadiz
, E.
Courtade
, T.
Amand
, D.
Lagarde
, T.
Taniguchi
, K.
Watanabe
, B.
Urbaszek
, and X.
Marie
, “In-plane propagation of light in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers: Optical selection rules
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
119
, 047401
(2017
). 24.
H.
Zeng
, J.
Dai
, W.
Yao
, D.
Xiao
, and X.
Cui
, “Valley polarization in MoS monolayers by optical pumping
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
7
, 490
(2012
). 25.
H.
Yu
, G.-B.
Liu
, and W.
Yao
, “Brightened spin-triplet interlayer excitons and optical selection rules in van der Waals heterobilayers
,” 2D Mater.
5
, 035021
(2018
). 26.
K.-D.
Park
, T.
Jiang
, G.
Clark
, X.
Xu
, and M. B.
Raschke
, “Radiative control of dark excitons at room temperature by nano-optical antenna-tip purcell effect
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
13
, 59
(2018
). 27.
N.
Peimyoo
, T.
Deilmann
, F.
Withers
, J.
Escolar
, D.
Nutting
, T.
Taniguchi
, K.
Watanabe
, A.
Taghizadeh
, M. F.
Craciun
, K. S.
Thygesen
, and S.
Russo
, “Electrical tuning of optically active interlayer excitons in bilayer MoS
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
16
, 888
(2021
). 28.
H.
Guo
, X.
Zhang
, and G.
Lu
, “Moiré excitons in defective van der Waals heterostructures
,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
118
, e2105468118
(2021
). 29.
Q.
Tan
, A.
Rasmita
, S.
Li
, S.
Liu
, Z.
Huang
, Q.
Xiong
, S. A.
Yang
, K. S.
Novoselov
, and W.
Bo Gao
, “Layer-engineered interlayer excitons
,” Sci. Adv.
7
, eabh0863
(2021
). 30.
M. R.
Rosenberger
, H.-J.
Chuang
, M.
Phillips
, V. P.
Oleshko
, K. M.
McCreary
, S. V.
Sivaram
, C. S.
Hellberg
, and B. T.
Jonker
, “Twist angle-dependent atomic reconstruction and Moiré patterns in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
,” ACS Nano
14
, 4550
(2020
). 31.
F.
He
, Y.
Zhou
, Z.
Ye
, S.-H.
Cho
, J.
Jeong
, X.
Meng
, and Y.
Wang
, “Moiré patterns in 2D materials: A review
,” ACS Nano
15
, 5944
(2021
). 32.
M.
Sohoni
, P. K.
Jha
, M.
Nalabothula
, and A.
Kumar
, “Interlayer exciton valleytronics in bilayer heterostructures interfaced with a phase gradient metasurface
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
117
, 121101
(2020
). 33.
C.
Jiang
, W.
Xu
, A.
Rasmita
, Z.
Huang
, K.
Li
, Q.
Xiong
, and W.
bo Gao
, “Microsecond dark-exciton valley polarization memory in two-dimensional heterostructures
,” Nat. Commun.
9
, 753
(2018
). 34.
C.
Zhang
, C.-P.
Chuu
, X.
Ren
, M.-Y.
Li
, L.-J.
Li
, C.
Jin
, M.-Y.
Chou
, and C.-K.
Shih
, “Interlayer couplings, Moiré patterns, and 2D electronic superlattices in MoS/WSe hetero-bilayers
,” Sci. Adv.
3
, e1601459
(2017
). 35.
Y.
Wang
, Z.
Wang
, W.
Yao
, G.-B.
Liu
, and H.
Yu
, “Interlayer coupling in commensurate and incommensurate bilayer structures of transition-metal dichalcogenides
,” Phys. Rev. B
95
, 115429
(2017
). 36.
H.
Yu
, G.-B.
Liu
, J.
Tang
, X.
Xu
, and W.
Yao
, “Moiré excitons: From programmable quantum emitter arrays to spin-orbit-coupled artificial lattices
,” Sci. Adv.
3
, e1701696
(2017
). 37.
K. L.
Seyler
, P.
Rivera
, H.
Yu
, N. P.
Wilson
, E. L.
Ray
, D. G.
Mandrus
, J.
Yan
, W.
Yao
, and X.
Xu
, “Signatures of Moiré-trapped valley excitons in MoSe/WSe heterobilayers
,” Nature
567
, 66
(2019
). 38.
C.
Jin
, E. C.
Regan
, D.
Wang
, M.
Iqbal Bakti Utama
, C.-S.
Yang
, J.
Cain
, Y.
Qin
, Y.
Shen
, Z.
Zheng
, K.
Watanabe
, and T.
Taniguchi
, “Identification of spin, valley and Moiré quasi-angular momentum of interlayer excitons
,” Nat. Phys.
15
, 1140
(2019
). 39.
F.
Wu
, T.
Lovorn
, and A.
MacDonald
, “Theory of optical absorption by interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers
,” Phys. Rev. B
97
, 035306
(2018
). 40.
T. N.
Tran
, S.
Kim
, S. J. U.
White
, M. A. P.
Nguyen
, L.
Xiao
, S.
Strauf
, T.
Yang
, I.
Aharonovich
, and Z.-Q.
Xu
, “Enhanced emission from interlayer excitons coupled to plasmonic gap cavities
,” Small
17
, 2103994
(2021
). 41.
M.
Förg
, L.
Colombier
, R. K.
Patel
, J.
Lindlau
, A. D.
Mohite
, H.
Yamaguchi
, M. M.
Glazov
, D.
Hunger
, and A.
Högele
, “Cavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
,” Nat. Commun.
10
, 3697
(2019
). 42.
P.
Rivera
, T. K.
Fryett
, Y.
Chen
, C.-H.
Liu
, E.
Ray
, F.
Hatami
, J.
Yan
, D.
Mandrus
, W.
Yao
, A.
Majumdar
, and X.
Xu
, “Coupling of photonic crystal cavity and interlayer exciton in heterobilayer of transition metal dichalcogenides
,” 2D Mater.
7
, 015027
(2019
). 43.
R.
Khelifa
, P.
Back
, N.
Flöry
, S.
Nashashibi
, K.
Malchow
, T.
Taniguchi
, K.
Watanabe
, A.
Jain
, and L.
Novotny
, “Coupling interlayer excitons to whispering gallery modes in van der Waals heterostructures
,” Nano Lett.
20
, 6155
(2020
). 44.
E. Y.
Paik
, L.
Zhang
, G. W.
Burg
, R.
Gogna
, E.
Tutuc
, and H.
Deng
, “Interlayer exciton laser of extended spatial coherence in atomically thin heterostructures
,” Nature
576
, 80
(2019
). 45.
Y.
Liu
, H.
Fang
, A.
Rasmita
, Y.
Zhou
, J.
Li
, T.
Yu
, Q.
Xiong
, N.
Zheludev
, J.
Liu
, and W.
Gao
, “Room temperature nanocavity laser with interlayer excitons in 2D heterostructures
,” Sci. Adv.
5
, eaav4506
(2019
). 46.
L.
Sun
, C.-Y.
Wang
, A.
Krasnok
, J.
Choi
, J.
Shi
, J. S.
Gomez-Diaz
, A.
Zepeda
, S.
Gwo
, C.-K.
Shih
, A.
Alù
, and X.
Li
, “Separation of valley excitons in a MoS monolayer using a subwavelength asymmetric groove array
,” Nat. Photonics
13
, 180
(2019
). 47.
T.
Wen
, W.
Zhang
, S.
Liu
, A.
Hu
, J.
Zhao
, Y.
Ye
, Y.
Chen
, C.-W.
Qiu
, Q.
Gong
, and G.
Lu
, “Steering valley-polarized emission of monolayer MoS sandwiched in plasmonic antennas
,” Sci. Adv.
6
, eaao0019
(2020
). 48.
S.-H.
Gong
, I.
Komen
, F.
Alpeggiani
, and L.
Kuipers
, “Nanoscale optical addressing of valley pseudospins through transverse optical spin
,” Nano Lett.
20
, 4410
(2020
). 49.
Q.
Yao
, Y.-Q.
Bie
, J.
Chen
, J.
Li
, F.
Li
, and Z.
Cao
, “Anapole enhanced on-chip routing of spin–valley photons in 2D materials for silicon integrated optical communication
,” Opt. Lett.
46
, 4080
(2021
). 50.
J.
Wang
, H.
Li
, Y.
Ma
, M.
Zhao
, W.
Liu
, B.
Wang
, S.
Wu
, X.
Liu
, L.
Shi
, T.
Jiang
, and J.
Zi
, “Routing valley exciton emission of a WS monolayer via delocalized Bloch modes of in-plane inversion-symmetry-broken photonic crystal slabs
,” Light: Sci. Appl.
9
, 148
(2020
). 51.
R.
Peng
, C.
Wu
, H.
Li
, X.
Xu
, and M.
Li
, “Separation of the valley exciton-polariton in two-dimensional semiconductors with an anisotropic photonic crystal
,” Phys. Rev. B
101
, 245418
(2020
). 52.
A. Z.
Subramanian
, P.
Neutens
, A.
Dhakal
, R.
Jansen
, T.
Claes
, X.
Rottenberg
, F.
Peyskens
, S.
Selvaraja
, P.
Helin
, B.
DuBois
, K.
Leyssens
, S.
Severi
, P.
Deshpande
, R.
Baets
, and P. V.
Dorpe
, “Low-loss single-mode PECVD silicon nitride photonic wire waveguides for 532–900 nm wavelength window fabricated within a CMOS pilot line
,” IEEE Photonics J.
5
, 2202809
(2013
). 53.
C. J.
Krückel
, A.
Fülöp
, Z.
Ye
, P. A.
Andrekson
, and V.
Torres-Company
, “Optical bandgap engineering in nonlinear silicon nitride waveguides
,” Opt. Express
25
, 15370
(2017
). 54.
K. J.
Vahala
, “Optical microcavities
,” Nature
424
, 839
(2003
). 55.
Y.
Xuan
, Y.
Liu
, L. T.
Varghese
, A. J.
Metcalf
, X.
Xue
, P.-H.
Wang
, K.
Han
, J. A.
Jaramillo-Villegas
, A.
Al Noman
, C.
Wang
, and S.
Kim
, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation
,” Optica
3
, 1171
(2016
). 56.
H.
Han
, B.
Xiang
, and J.
Zhang
, “Simulation and analysis of single-mode microring resonators in lithium niobate thin films
,” Crystals
8
, 342
(2018
). 57.
58.
H. R.
Philipp
, “Optical properties of silicon nitride
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
120
, 295
(1973
). 59.
Q.
Li
, M.
Soltani
, A. H.
Atabaki
, S.
Yegnanarayanan
, and A.
Adibi
, “Quantitative modeling of coupling-induced resonance frequency shift in microring resonators
,” Opt. Express
17
, 23474
(2009
). 60.
W.
Bogaerts
, P.
De Heyn
, T.
Van Vaerenbergh
, K.
De Vos
, S.
Kumar Selvaraja
, T.
Claes
, P.
Dumon
, P.
Bienstman
, D.
Van Thourhout
, and R.
Baets
, “Silicon microring resonators
,” Laser. Photonics Rev.
6
, 47
(2012
). 61.
R.
Khelifa
, P.
Back
, N.
Flory
, S.
Nashashibi
, K.
Malchow
, T.
Taniguchi
, K.
Watanabe
, A.
Jain
, and L.
Novotny
, “Coupling interlayer excitons to whispering gallery modes in van der Waals heterostructures
,” Nano Lett.
20
, 6155
(2020
). 62.
L.
Sigl
, M.
Troue
, M.
Katzer
, M.
Selig
, F.
Sigger
, J.
Kiemle
, M.
Brotons-Gisbert
, K.
Watanabe
, T.
Taniguchi
, B. D.
Gerardot
, and A.
Knorr
, “Optical dipole orientation of interlayer excitons in MoSe–WSe heterostacks
,” Phys. Rev. B
105
, 035417
(2022
). 63.
A.
Espinosa-Soria
and A.
Martinez
, “Transverse spin and spin-orbit coupling in silicon waveguides
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
28
, 1561
(2016
). 64.
F. solver analysis in Lumerical, see https://optics.ansys.com/hc/en-us/articles/360034396734-FDE-solver-analysis-Mode-List-and-Deck.
65.
L.
Tang
, J.
Tang
, W.
Zhang
, G.
Lu
, H.
Zhang
, Y.
Zhang
, K.
Xia
, and M.
Xiao
, “On-chip chiral single-photon interface: Isolation and unidirectional emission
,” Phys. Rev. A
99
, 043833
(2019
). 66.
Y.
Ma
, H.
Zhao
, N.
Liu
, Z.
Gao
, S. S.
Mohajerani
, L.
Xiao
, J.
Hone
, L.
Feng
, and S.
Strauf
, “On-chip spin-orbit locking of quantum emitters in 2D materials for chiral emission
,” Optica
9
, 953
(2022
). 67.
C.
Junge
, D.
O’shea
, J.
Volz
, and A.
Rauschenbeutel
, “Strong coupling between single atoms and nontransversal photons
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
110
, 213604
(2013
). 68.
K.-Q.
Lin
, “A roadmap for interlayer excitons
,” Light: Sci. Appl.
10
, 99
(2021
). 69.
K. F.
Mak
and J.
Shan
, “Opportunities and challenges of interlayer exciton control and manipulation
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
13
, 974
(2018
). © 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2023
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
