Structurally regular nanopore arrays fabricated to contain independently controllable annular electrodes represent a new kind of architecture capable of electrochemically addressing small collections of matter—down to the single entity (molecule, particle, and biological cell) level. Furthermore, these nanopore electrode arrays (NEAs) can also be interrogated optically to achieve single entity spectroelectrochemistry. Larger entities such as nanoparticles and single bacterial cells are investigated by dark-field scattering and potential-controlled single-cell luminescence experiments, respectively, while NEA-confined molecules are probed by single molecule luminescence. By carrying out these experiments in arrays of identically constructed nanopores, massively parallel collections of single entities can be investigated simultaneously. The multilayer metal–insulator design of the NEAs enables highly efficient redox cycling experiments with large increases in analytical sensitivity for chemical sensing applications. NEAs may also be augmented with an additional orthogonally designed nanopore layer, such as a structured block copolymer, to achieve hierarchically organized multilayer structures with multiple stimulus-responsive transport control mechanisms. Finally, NEAs constructed with a transparent bottom layer permit optical access to the interior of the nanopore, which can result in the cutoff of far-field mode propagation, effectively trapping radiation in an ultrasmall volume inside the nanopore. The bottom metal layer may be used as both a working electrode and an optical cladding layer, thus, producing bifunctional electrochemical zero-mode waveguide architectures capable of carrying out spectroelectrochemical investigations down to the single molecule level.
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Multifunctional nanopore electrode array method for characterizing and manipulating single entities in attoliter-volume enclosures
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7 November 2022
Research Article|
November 01 2022
Multifunctional nanopore electrode array method for characterizing and manipulating single entities in attoliter-volume enclosures
Seol Baek
;
Seol Baek
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Allison R. Cutri;
Allison R. Cutri
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Donghoon Han
;
Donghoon Han
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
2
Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea
, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, South Korea
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Seung-Ryong Kwon;
Seung-Ryong Kwon
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
3
Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University
, Jinju 52828, South Korea
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Julius Reitemeier
;
Julius Reitemeier
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Vignesh Sundaresan;
Vignesh Sundaresan
a)
(Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
4
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Paul W. Bohn
Paul W. Bohn
b)
(Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
4
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
b)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected].
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a)
Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677.
b)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected].
J. Appl. Phys. 132, 174501 (2022)
Article history
Received:
June 02 2022
Accepted:
September 27 2022
Citation
Seol Baek, Allison R. Cutri, Donghoon Han, Seung-Ryong Kwon, Julius Reitemeier, Vignesh Sundaresan, Paul W. Bohn; Multifunctional nanopore electrode array method for characterizing and manipulating single entities in attoliter-volume enclosures. J. Appl. Phys. 7 November 2022; 132 (17): 174501. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101693
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