Non-contact electrostatic measurements were used to the characterization of flexoelectric potentials in dielectrics under tensile, compressive, and flexural loads. Kelvin probes are capable to detect localized potential gradients on stretched natural latex that would hardly be detected at the macroscopic scale using standard methods for flexoelectric characterization. The high deformability of rubbers under tensile (or compressive) loads or dielectrics in fully folded states during flexural tests is a really challenging task for measurements using attached or compliant electrodes to detect flexoelectricity but is easily assessed with Kelvin probes. Moreover, non-contact electrostatic measurements are effective to avoid triboelectric effects, which are important sources of electricity on contacting surfaces.
REFERENCES
1.
J.
Li
, C.
Nagamani
, and J. S.
Moore
, Acc. Chem. Res.
48
, 2181
(2015
). 2.
J.
Sohma
, Prog. Polym. Sci.
14
, 451
(1989
). 3.
S. M.
Cadwell
, R. A.
Merrill
, C. M.
Sloman
, and F. L.
Yost
, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed.
12
, 19
(1940
). 4.
L. A.
Dissado
and J. C.
Fothergill
, Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers
(Peregrinus
, London
, 1992
).5.
V. A.
Zakrevskii
, N. T.
Sudar
, A.
Zaopo
, and Y. A.
Dubitsky
, J. Appl. Phys.
93
, 2135
(2003
). 6.
7.
C.
Matta
, O. L.
Eryilmaz
, M. I.
De Barros Bouchet
, A.
Erdemir
, J. M.
Martin
, and K.
Nakayama
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
42
, 075307
(2009
). 8.
K.
Nakayama
, Surf. Coatings Technol.
188–189
, 599
(2004
).9.
K.
Nakayama
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
40
, 1103
(2007
). 10.
K.
Nakayama
, Tribol. Lett.
37
, 215
(2010
).11.
C. G.
Camara
, J. V.
Escobar
, J. R.
Hird
, and S. J.
Putterman
, Nature
455
, 1089
(2008
). 12.
L. S.
McCarty
and G. M.
Whitesides
, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
47
, 2188
(2008
). 13.
F.
Galembeck
, T. A. L.
Burgo
, L. B. S.
Balestrin
, R. F.
Gouveia
, C. A.
Silva
, and A.
Galembeck
, RSC Adv.
4
, 64280
(2014
). 14.
G. S. P.
Castle
, J. Electrostat.
40
, 13
(1997
). 15.
L. B.
Schein
, Science
316
, 1572
(2007
). 16.
H. T.
Baytekin
, A. Z.
Patashinski
, M.
Branicki
, B.
Baytekin
, S.
Soh
, and B. A.
Grzybowski
, Science
333
, 308
(2011
). 17.
D. J.
Lacks
and R.
Mohan Sankaran
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
44
, 453001
(2011
). 18.
T. A. L.
Burgo
, T. R. D.
Ducati
, K. R.
Francisco
, K. J.
Clinckspoor
, F.
Galembeck
, and S. E.
Galembeck
, Langmuir
28
, 7407
(2012
). 19.
B. A.
Grzybowski
, M.
Fialkowski
, and J. A.
Wiles
, J. Phys. Chem. B
109
, 20511
(2005
). 20.
T. A. L.
Burgo
and A.
Erdemir
, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
53
, 12101
(2014
). 21.
A. W.
Adamson
and A. P.
Gast
, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces
, 6th ed. (Wiley
, New York
, 1997
).22.
T. A. L.
Burgo
and F.
Galembeck
, Colloids Interface Sci. Commun.
7
, 7
(2015
). 23.
T. A. L.
Burgo
, F.
Galembeck
, and G. H.
Pollack
, J. Electrostat.
80
, 30
(2016
). 24.
K. S.
Moreira
, D.
Lermen
, Y. A. S.
Campo
, L. O.
Ferreira
, and T. A. L.
Burgo
, Adv. Mater. Interfaces
7
, 2000884
(2020
). 25.
D. J.
Lacks
and T.
Shinbrot
, Nat. Rev. Chem.
3
, 465
(2019
). 26.
L. S.
McCarty
, A.
Winkleman
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
129
, 4075
(2007
). 27.
C. Y.
Liu
and A. J.
Bard
, Nat. Mater.
7
, 505
(2008
). 28.
C.
Xu
, Y.
Zi
, A. C.
Wang
, H.
Zou
, Y.
Dai
, X.
He
, P.
Wang
, Y.-C.
Wang
, P.
Feng
, D.
Li
, and Z. L.
Wang
, Adv. Mater.
30
, 1706790
(2018
). 29.
S.
Lin
, L.
Xu
, L.
Zhu
, X.
Chen
, and Z. L.
Wang
, Adv. Mater.
31
, 1901418
(2019
). 30.
C. A.
Mizzi
, A. Y. W.
Lin
, and L. D.
Marks
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
123
, 116103
(2019
). 31.
A.
Šutka
, K.
Mālnieks
, L.
Lapčinskis
, M.
Timusk
, K.
Kalniņš
, A.
Kovaļovs
, J.
Bitenieks
, M.
Knite
, D.
Stevens
, and J.
Grunlan
, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
22
, 13299
(2020
). 32.
M.
Sow
, R.
Widenor
, A.
Kumar
, S. W.
Lee
, D. J.
Lacks
, and R. M.
Sankaran
, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
51
, 2695
(2012
). 33.
L. E.
Cross
, J. Mater. Sci.
41
, 53
(2006
). 34.
M.
Marvan
and A.
Havránek
, “Flexoelectric effect in elastomers
” in Relationships of Polymeric Structure and Properties
, Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science Vol. 78, edited by I.
Chudáček
(Steinkopff
, 1988
), pp. 33
–36
. 35.
P. V.
Yudin
and A. K.
Tagantsev
, Nanotechnology
24
, 432001
(2013
). 36.
X.
Jiang
, W.
Huang
, and S.
Zhang
, Nano Energy
2
, 1079
(2013
). 37.
Q.
Deng
, M.
Kammoun
, A.
Erturk
, and P.
Sharma
, Int. J. Solids Struct.
51
, 3218
(2014
). 38.
L.
Shu
, R.
Liang
, Z.
Rao
, L.
Fei
, S.
Ke
, and Y.
Wang
, J. Adv. Ceram.
8
, 153
(2019
). 39.
L. J.
Romasanta
, M. A.
Lopez-Manchado
, and R.
Verdejo
, Prog. Polym. Sci.
51
, 188
(2015
). 40.
M.
Fan
and H.
Min
, Materials
13
, 1735
(2020
). 41.
C.
Abels
, V. M.
Mastronardi
, F.
Guido
, T.
Dattoma
, A.
Qualtieri
, W. M.
Megill
, M.
De Vittorio
, and F.
Rizzi
, Sensors
17
, 1080
(2017
). 42.
P.
Brochu
and Q.
Pei
, Macromol. Rapid Commun.
31
, 10
(2010
). 43.
S.
Huang
, L.
Qi
, W.
Huang
, L.
Shu
, S.
Zhou
, and X.
Jiang
, J. Adv. Dielectr.
8
, 1830002
(2018
). 44.
S.
Huang
, T.
Kim
, D.
Hou
, D.
Cann
, J. L.
Jones
, and X.
Jiang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
110
, 222904
(2017
). 45.
V. I.
Merupo
, B.
Guiffard
, R.
Seveno
, M.
Tabellout
, and A.
Kassiba
, J. Appl. Phys.
122
, 144101
(2017
). 46.
Tektronix Company,
Low Level Measurements Handbook: Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements
, 7th ed. (Keithley
, 2016
), pp. 2
–28
.47.
T. A. D. L.
Burgo
, C. A.
Rezende
, S.
Bertazzo
, A.
Galembeck
, and F.
Galembeck
, J. Electrostat.
69
, 401
(2011
). 48.
T. A. L.
Burgo
, L. B. S.
Balestrin
, and F.
Galembeck
, Polym. Degrad. Stab.
104
, 11
(2014
). 49.
L.
Kelvin
, London Edinburgh Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci.
46
, 82
(1898
). 50.
51.
W.
Melitz
, J.
Shen
, A. C.
Kummel
, and S.
Lee
, Surf. Sci. Rep.
66
, 1
(2011
). 52.
O.
Kwon
, D.
Seol
, H.
Qiao
, and Y.
Kim
, Adv. Sci.
7
, 1901391
(2020
). 53.
S.
Das
, B.
Wang
, Y.
Cao
, M.
Rae Cho
, Y.
Jae Shin
, S.
Mo Yang
, L.
Wang
, M.
Kim
, S. V.
Kalinin
, L. Q.
Chen
, and T. W.
Noh
, Nat. Commun.
8
, 615
(2017
). 54.
J.
Liu
, K.
Prashanthi
, Z.
Li
, R. T.
McGee
, K.
Ahadi
, and T.
Thundat
, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
18
, 22772
(2016
). 55.
B. N. J.
Persson
, EPL
129
, 10006
(2020
). 56.
T. A. L.
Burgo
, B. C.
Batista
, and F.
Galembeck
, ACS Omega
2
, 8940
(2017
). 57.
L. P.
Santos
, Y.
Campo
, D.
da Silva
, T. A. L.
Burgo
, and F.
Galembeck
, Colloids Interfaces
2
, 55
(2018
). 58.
S.
Baskaran
, X.
He
, Q.
Chen
, and J. Y.
Fu
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
98
, 242901
(2011
). 59.
L. P.
Santos
, D. S.
da Silva
, B. C.
Batista
, K. S.
Moreira
, T. A. L.
Burgo
, and F.
Galembeck
, Polymer
171
, 173
(2019
). 60.
T. A. L.
Burgo
, C. A.
Silva
, L. B. S.
Balestrin
, and F.
Galembeck
, Sci. Rep.
3
, 2384
(2013
). 61.
M.
Hogue
, E.
Mucciolo
, and C.
Calle
, J. Electrostat.
65
, 274
(2007
). 62.
G.
Li
, X.
Zhou
, C.
Hao
, Q.
Lei
, and Y.
Wei
, AIP Adv.
9
, 015109
(2019
). 63.
J. W.
Zhang
, W.
Zhang
, Y. C.
Cui
, F. K.
Gao
, and R. T.
Liu
, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (IEEE, 2017), Vol. 1, p. 51.64.
D. P.
Nolan
, in Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles: For Oil, Gas, Chemical and Related Facilities
, 4th ed. (Gulf Professional Publishing
, 2019
), pp. 251
–270
.65.
T.
Kim
, W.
Huang
, S.
Huang
, and X.
Jiang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
108
, 192902
(2016
). 66.
S. C.
Shit
and P.
Shah
, Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett.
36
, 355
(2013
). 67.
L. W.
McKeen
, in Plastics Design Library
, 4th ed. (William Andrew Publishing
, 2017
), pp. 209
–247
.68.
G.
Wypych
, in Handbook of Antistatics, 2nd ed. (ChemTec Publishing
, 2017
), pp. 113
–305
.69.
H.
Bayerl
, Int. Polym. Sci. Technol.
36
, 1
(2009
).70.
A.
Misra
and R. S.
Stein
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed.
17
, 235
(1979
). 71.
S. A.
Jabarin
, Polym. Eng. Sci.
32
, 1341
(1992
). 72.
L.
Mascia
and Z.
Fekkai
, Polymer
34
, 1418
(1993
). © 2021 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2021
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.