In the present study, Cu-based nanomaterials are synthesized by initiating spark discharges between two copper electrodes immersed in de-ionized water. The electrical conductivity of water is varied by adding HCl at very low concentrations. The discharge and water properties are determined by measuring the current-voltage waveforms and monitoring water acidity and conductivity, respectively. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the produced nanoparticles show that increasing water conductivity, by adding HCl, promotes the synthesis of Cu-based nanomaterials. Depending on the initial water conductivity, various nanostructures are observed, including nanoflakes of cuprite (Cu2O), dendrites with high Cu content, and unordered micrometric aggregates with a mixed Cu/Cu2O content. The initial water conductivity also affects the chemical structure, mainly the relative Cu/Cu2O crystalline content.
REFERENCES
1.
C.
Richmonds
and R. M.
Sankaran
, “Plasma-liquid electrochemistry: Rapid synthesis of colloidal metal nanoparticles by microplasma reduction of aqueous cations
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
93
(13
), 131501
(2008
). 2.
T.
Belmonte
, A.
Hamdan
, F.
Kosior
, C.
Noël
, and G.
Henrion
, “Interaction of discharges with electrode surfaces in dielectric liquids: Application to nanoparticle synthesis
,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
47
(22
), 224016
(2014
). 3.
M. B.
Gawande
et al., “Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications in catalysis
,” Chem. Rev.
116
(6
), 3722
–3811
(2016
). 4.
A.
Hamdan
, C.
Noël
, J.
Ghanbaja
, and T.
Belmonte
, “Comparison of aluminium nanostructures created by discharges in various dielectric liquids
,” Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.
34
(5
), 1101
–1114
(2014
). 5.
A.
Hamdan
, H.
Kabbara
, C.
Noël
, J.
Ghanbaja
, A.
Redjaimia
, and T.
Belmonte
, “Synthesis of two-dimensional lead sheets by spark discharge in liquid nitrogen
,” Particuology
40
, 152
–159
(2018
). 6.
N.
Sano
, H.
Wang
, M.
Chhowalla
, I.
Alexandrou
, and G. A. J.
Amaratunga
, “Synthesis of carbon ‘onions’ in water
,” Nature
414
(6863
), 506
–507
(2001
). 7.
L.-C.
Chen
and S.-H.
Pai
, “In-situ measurement and control of electric discharge on submerged arc synthesis process for continuous TiO2 nanoparticle fabrication
,” Mater. Trans.
45
(10
), 3071
–3078
(2004
). 8.
L. C.
Chen
, D. C.
Tien
, N.
Van Thai
, and S.
Ashraf
, “Study of Ag and Au nanoparticles synthesized by Arc discharge in deionized water
,” J. Nanomater.
2010
, 634757
. 9.
H.
Park
, S.
Yoo
, and K.
Kim
, “Synthesis of carbon-coated TiO2 by underwater discharge with capillary carbon electrode
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
47
(2
), 1482
–1486
(2019
). 10.
A.
Hamdan
, C.
Noël
, J.
Ghanbaja
, S.
Migot-Choux
, and T.
Belmonte
, “Synthesis of platinum embedded in amorphous carbon by micro-gap discharge in heptane
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
142
(1
), 199
–206
(2013
). 11.
M.
Heinemann
, B.
Eifert
, and C.
Heiliger
, “Band structure and phase stability of the copper oxides Cu2O, CuO, and Cu4O3
,” Phys. Rev. B
87
(11
), 115111
(2013
). 12.
R.
Kaur
and B.
Pal
, “Cu nanostructures of various shapes and sizes as superior catalysts for nitro-aromatic reduction and co-catalyst for Cu/TiO2 photocatalysis
,” Appl. Catal. A
491
, 28
–36
(2015
). 13.
S. E.
Allen
, R. R.
Walvoord
, R.
Padilla-Salinas
, and M. C.
Kozlowski
, “Aerobic copper-catalyzed organic reactions
,” Chem. Rev.
113
(8
), 6234
–6458
(2013
). 14.
C. R.
Iordanescu
, D.
Tenciu
, I. D.
Feraru
, A.
Kiss
, M.
Bercu
, D.
Savastru
, R.
Notonier
, and C. E. A.
Grigorescu
, “Structure and morphology of Cu-oxides films derived from PLD processes
,” Dig. J. Nanomater. Bios.
6
(2
), 863
–868
(2011
).15.
A.
Hamdan
, C.
Noel
, F.
Kosior
, G.
Henrion
, and T.
Belmonte
, “Impacts created on various materials by micro-discharges in heptane: Influence of the dissipated charge
,” J. Appl. Phys.
113
(4
), 043301
(2013
). 16.
Y.
Hattori
, S.
Mukasa
, H.
Toyota
, T.
Inoue
, and S.
Nomura
, “Synthesis of zinc and zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc electrode using plasma in liquid
,” Mater. Lett.
65
(2
), 188
–190
(2011
). 17.
Š.
Potocký
, N.
Saito
, and O.
Takai
, “Needle electrode erosion in water plasma discharge
,” Thin Solid Films
518
(3
), 918
–923
(2009
). 18.
K.
He
et al., “Visualizing non-equilibrium lithiation of spinel oxide via in situ transmission electron microscopy
,” Nat. Commun.
7
(May
), 11441
(2016
). 19.
P.
Baggethun
, see https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/radial-profile.html for “Radial profile plot” (2002
).20.
A.
Altaweel
, “Synthèse de nanostructures d’oxyde de cuivre par micro-post-décharge micro-ondes à pression atmosphérique,” doctoral thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018.21.
R. K.
Swarnkar
, S. C.
Singh
, and R.
Gopal
, “Effect of aging on copper nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in water: Structural and optical characterizations
,” Bull. Mater. Sci.
34
(7
), 1363
–1369
(2011
). 22.
I.
Cameán
et al., “Influence of the inherent metal species on the graphitization of methane-based carbon nanofibers
,” Carbon
50
(15
), 5387
–5394
(2012
). 23.
X.
Glad
, L.
De Poucques
, J. A.
Jaszczak
, M.
Belmahi
, J.
Ghanbaja
, and J.
Bougdira
, “Plasma synthesis of hexagonal-pyramidal graphite hillocks
,” Carbon
76
, 330
–340
(2014
). 24.
P.
Michel
, “Diffraction des électrons: Etudes de strucure
,” Techniques de l’ingénieur
No. P1085 (1990
), https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base-documentaire/archives-th12/archives-techniques-d-analyse-tiata/archive-1/diffraction-des-electrons-p1085/ (in French).25.
L.
Boufendi
and A.
Bouchoule
, “Particle nucleation and growth in a low-pressure argon-silane discharge
,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
3
(3
), 262
–267
(1994
). 26.
G.
Al Makdessi
, X.
Glad
, S.
Dap
, M.
Rojo
, R.
Clergereaux
, and J.
Margot
, “Influence of a magnetic field on the formation of carbon dust particles in very low-pressure high-density plasmas
,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
50
(15
), 155203
(2017
). 27.
J.
Profili
et al., “Interaction of atomized colloid with an A.C. electric field in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor used for deposition of nanocomposite coatings
,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
50
(7
), 075201
(2017
). 28.
A.
Fan
, “Copper wafer bonding
,” Electrochem. Solid State Lett.
2
(10
), 534
(1999
). 29.
A.
El Warraky
, H. A.
El Shayeb
, and E. M.
Sherif
, “Pitting corrosion of copper in chloride solutions
,” Anti Corros. Methods Mater.
51
(1
), 52
–61
(2004
). 30.
T. E.
Graedel
, K.
Nassau
, and J. P.
Franey
, “Copper patinas formed in the atmosphere—I. Introduction
,” Corros. Sci.
27
(7
), 639
–657
(1987
). 31.
L.
Veleva
, P.
Quintana
, R.
Ramanauskas
, R.
Pomes
, and L.
Maldonado
, “Mechanism of copper patina formation in marine environments
,” Electrochim. Acta
41
(10
), 1641
–1645
(1996
). 32.
J. F.
Pierson
, A.
Thobor-Keck
, and A.
Billard
, “Cuprite, paramelaconite and tenorite films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
210
(3–4
), 359
–367
(2003
). 33.
S. O.
Lumsdon
and D. M.
Scott
, “Assembly of colloidal particles into microwires using an alternating electric field
,” Langmuir
21
(11
), 4874
–4880
(2005
). 34.
T. K.
Lowenstein
, M. N.
Timofeeff
, S. T.
Brennan
, L. A.
Hardie
, and R. V.
Demicco
, “Assembly of electrically functional microwires from nanoparticle suspensions via dielectrophoresis
,” Science
294
, 1082
–1086
(2001
). © 2020 Author(s).
2020
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
