Gold nanoparticles of different shapes (spherical, rods, and prisms) aggregate when deposited onto Lactobacillus fermentum's exopolysaccharide (EPS), a set of polysaccharides excreted by the bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that gold nanoparticles have high affinity for EPS. UV-vis spectra of aggregated gold nanoparticles showed additional absorbance peaks at lower energies in comparison with isolated nanoparticles. In the case of gold nanoprisms, the aggregation leads to a new absorption at a very low energy centered at 1100 nm. Moreover, the EPS of L. fermentum itself produces gold aggregates from a Au(III) solution. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy performances for the detection of rhodamine B of gold aggregates were drastically different. A tomography study on all samples revealed clear differences in the extension of the EPS coating on the gold nanoparticles. Only the gold aggregate in which gold interparticle surfaces were exposed to RhB showed a drastic increase (two orders of magnitude) of intensity in the Raman spectrum of RhB.
REFERENCES
1.
N.
Li
, P.
Zhao
, and D.
Astruc
, “Anisotropic gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, applications, and toxicity
,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
53
(7
), 1756
–1789
(2014
). 2.
K.
Saha
, S. S.
Agasti
, C.
Kim
, X.
Li
, and V. M.
Rotello
, “Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing
,” Chem. Rev.
112
(5
), 2739
–2779
(2012
). 3.
H.
Jans
and Q.
Huo
, “Gold nanoparticle-enabled biological and chemical detection and analysis
,” Chem. Soc. Rev.
41
(7
), 2849
–2866
(2012
). 4.
L.
Dykman
and N.
Khlebtsov
, “Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: Recent advances and perspectives
,” Chem. Soc. Rev.
41
(6
), 2256
–2282
(2012
). 5.
L. C.
Kennedy
, L. R.
Bickford
, N. A.
Lewinski
, A. J.
Coughlin
, Y.
Hu
, E. S.
Day
, J. L.
West
, and R. A.
Drezek
, “A new era for cancer treatment: Gold-nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies
,” Small
7
(2
), 169
–183
(2011
). 6.
R.
Cao-Milán
and L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, “Gold nanoparticle conjugates: Recent advances toward clinical applications
,” Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.
11
(5
), 741
–752
(2014
). 7.
N. S.
Abadeer
and C. J.
Murphy
, “Recent progress in cancer thermal therapy using gold nanoparticles
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
120
(9
), 4691
–4716
(2016
). 8.
J.
Pérez-Juste
, I.
Pastoriza-Santos
, L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, and P.
Mulvaney
, “Gold nanorods: Synthesis, characterization and applications
,” Coord. Chem. Rev.
249
(17–18
), 1870
–1901
(2005
). 9.
Y.-C.
Yeh
, B.
Creran
, and V. M.
Rotello
, “Gold nanoparticles: Preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology
,” Nanoscale
4
(6
), 1871
–1880
(2012
). 10.
C.
Carnovale
, G.
Bryant
, R.
Shukla
, and V.
Bansal
, “Size, shape and surface chemistry of nano-gold dictate its cellular interactions, uptake and toxicity
,” Prog. Mater. Sci.
83
, 152
–190
(2016
). 11.
J.
Reguera
, J.
Langer
, D.
Jimenez de Aberasturi
, and L. M.
Liz-Marzan
, “Anisotropic metal nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman scattering
,” Chem. Soc. Rev.
46
(13
), 3866
–3885
(2017
). 12.
S. K.
Ghosh
and T.
Pal
, “Interparticle coupling effect on the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles: From theory to applications
,” Chem. Rev.
107
(11
), 4797
–4862
(2007
). 13.
D.
Das
, T.
Kar
, and P. K.
Das
, “Gel-nanocomposites: Materials with promising applications
,” Soft Matter
8
(8
), 2348
–2365
(2012
). 14.
R. A.
Alvarez-Puebla
, A.
Agarwal
, P.
Manna
, B. P.
Khanal
, P.
Aldeanueva-Potel
, E.
Carbó-Argibay
, N.
Pazos-Pérez
, L.
Vigderman
, E. R.
Zubarev
, N. A.
Kotov
, and L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, “Gold nanorods 3D-supercrystals as surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy substrates for the rapid detection of scrambled prions
,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
108
(20
), 8157
–8161
(2011
). 15.
N.
Pazos-Perez
, C. S.
Wagner
, J. M.
Romo-Herrera
, L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, F. J.
García de Abajo
, A.
Wittemann
, A.
Fery
, and R. A.
Alvarez-Puebla
, “Organized plasmonic clusters with high coordination number and extraordinary enhancement in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
51
(51
), 12688
–12693
(2012
). 16.
J.
Xu
, L.
Zhang
, H.
Gong
, J. Í.
Homola
, and Q.
Yu
, “Tailoring plasmonic nanostructures for optimal SERS sensing of small molecules and large microorganisms
,” Small
7
(3
), 371
–376
(2011
). 17.
S.
Barbosa
, A.
Agrawal
, L.
Rodríguez-Lorenzo
, I.
Pastoriza-Santos
, R. A.
Alvarez-Puebla
, A.
Kornowski
, H.
Weller
, and L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, “Tuning size and sensing properties in colloidal gold nanostars
,” Langmuir
26
(18
), 14943
–14950
(2010
). 18.
J. S.
Gunn
, L. O.
Bakaletz
, and D. J.
Wozniak
, “What’s on the outside matters: The role of the extracellular polymeric substance of gram-negative biofilms in evading host immunity and as a target for therapeutic intervention
,” J. Biol. Chem.
291
(24
), 12538
–12546
(2016
). 19.
E.
Zannini
, D. M.
Waters
, A.
Coffey
, and E. K.
Arendt
, “Production, properties, and industrial food application of lactic acid bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides
,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
100
(3
), 1121
–1135
(2016
). 20.
A. K.
Patel
, P.
Michaud
, R. R.
Singhania
, C. R.
Soccol
, and A.
Pandey
, “Polysaccharides from probiotics: New developments as food additives
,” Food Technol. Biotechnol.
48
(4
), 451
(2010
).21.
S. V. N.
Vijayendra
, G.
Palanivel
, S.
Mahadevamma
, and R. N.
Tharanathan
, “Physico-chemical characterization of an exopolysaccharide produced by a non-ropy strain of Leuconostoc sp. CFR 2181 isolated from dahi, an Indian traditional lactic fermented milk product
,” Carbohydr. Polym.
72
(2
), 300
–307
(2008
). 22.
A. D.
McFarland
, C. L.
Haynes
, C. A.
Mirkin
, R. P.
Van Duyne
, and H. A.
Godwin
, “Color my nanoworld
,” J. Chem. Educ.
81
(4
), 544A
(2004
). 23.
B.
Nikoobakht
and M. A.
El-Sayed
, “Preparation and growth mechanism of gold nanorods (NRs) using seed-mediated growth method
,” Chem. Mater.
15
, 1957
(2003
). 24.
Y.
Jin
, J.
Deng
, J.
Liang
, C.
Shan
, and M.
Tong
, “Efficient bacteria capture and inactivation by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified magnetic nanoparticles
,” Colloids Surf.
136
, 659
–665
(2015
). 25.
B.
Pelaz
, V.
Grazu
, A.
Ibarra
, C.
Magen
, P.
del Pino
, and J. M.
de la Fuente
, “Tailoring the synthesis and heating ability of gold nanoprisms for bioapplications
,” Langmuir
28
(24
), 8965
–8970
(2012
). 26.
Pradeepa
, S. M.
Vidya
, S.
Mutalik
, K.
Udaya Bhat
, P.
Huilgol
, and K.
Avadhani
, “Preparation of gold nanoparticles by novel bacterial exopolysaccharide for antibiotic delivery
,” Life Sci.
153
, 171
–179
(2016
). 27.
G.
Sathiyanarayanan
, V.
Vignesh
, G.
Saibaba
, A.
Vinothkanna
, K.
Dineshkumar
, M. B.
Viswanathan
, and J.
Selvin
, “Synthesis of carbohydrate polymer encrusted gold nanoparticles using bacterial exopolysaccharide: A novel and greener approach
,” RSC Adv.
4
(43
), 22817
–22827
(2014
). 28.
S. K.
Das
, A. R.
Das
, and A. K.
Guha
, “Microbial synthesis of multishaped gold nanostructures
,” Small
6
(9
), 1012
–1021
(2010
). 29.
R. A.
Alvarez-Puebla
and L. M.
Liz-Marzán
, “SERS detection of small inorganic molecules and ions
,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
51
(45
), 11214
–11223
(2012
). © 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.