In this study, the macroscopic mechanical behavior was characterized as a function of temperature (−150 °C to 400 °C) for polycrystalline (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 with three dopant concentrations. Dopants can improve certain electromechanical properties and, in the case of NKN and Li+, shift the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition temperature to lower temperatures. In this study, the mechanical behavior of undoped NKN, LNKN6 with 6 mol. % Li+, and LNKN6 with additional dopants was characterized and compared with the temperature dependent dielectric response and crystal structure. During mechanical loading, the samples showed a nonlinear hysteretic response. At low temperatures, this is understood to be due to ferroelasticity. At temperatures in the vicinity of the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition temperature, a closed hysteresis behavior was observed, corresponding to a local maximum of the critical ferroelastic stress and a minimum in the remanent strain. The observed closed hysteresis behavior is suggested to be due to a stress-induced structural phase transformation.
References
1.
S.
Priya
and S.
Nahm
, Lead-Free Piezoelectrics
(Springer
, New York
, 2012
).2.
G.
Shirane
, R.
Newnham
, and R.
Pepinsky
, Phys. Rev.
96
, 581
(1954
).3.
L.
Egerton
and D. M.
Dillon
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
42
, 438
(1959
).4.
Y.
Saito
, H.
Takao
, T.
Tani
, T.
Nonoyama
, K.
Takatori
, T.
Homma
, T.
Nagaya
, and M.
Nakamura
, Nature
432
, 84
(2004
).5.
M.
Matsubara
, T.
Yamaguchi
, K.
Kikuta
, and S.
Hirano
, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
44
, 258
(2005
).6.
J.
Fu
, R.
Zuo
, D.
Lv
, Y.
Liu
, and Y.
Wu
, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.
21
, 241
(2010
).7.
R. E.
Jaeger
and L.
Egerton
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
45
, 209
(1962
).8.
Y.
Guo
, K.
Kakimoto
, and H.
Ohsato
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
85
, 4121
(2004
).9.
T.
Nitta
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
51
, 623
(1968
).10.
Y.
Shiratori
, A.
Magrez
, and C.
Pithan
, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
25
, 2075
(2005
).11.
J.
Tellier
, B.
Malic
, B.
Dkhil
, D.
Jenko
, J.
Cilensek
, and M.
Kosec
, Solid State Sci.
11
, 320
(2009
).12.
D. W.
Baker
, P. A.
Thomas
, N.
Zhang
, and A. M.
Glazer
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
95
, 91903
(2009
).13.
M. A.
Rafiq
, P.
Supancic
, M. E.
Costa
, P. M.
Vilarinho
, and M.
Deluca
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
104
, 11902
(2014
).14.
N.
Klein
, E.
Hollenstein
, D.
Damjanovic
, H. J.
Trodahl
, N.
Setter
, and M.
Kuball
, J. Appl. Phys.
102
, 14112
(2007
).15.
T. A.
Skidmore
, T. P.
Comyn
, and S. J.
Milne
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
94
, 222902
(2009
).16.
K.
Hatano
, K.
Kobayashi
, T.
Hagiwara
, H.
Shimizu
, Y.
Doshida
, and Y.
Mizuno
, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
49
, 09MD11
(2010
).17.
K.
Hatano
, K.
Kobayashi
, T.
Hagiwara
, H.
Shimizu
, Y.
Doshida
, and Y.
Mizuno
, Key Eng. Mater.
485
, 57
(2011
).18.
W.
Ge
, Y.
Ren
, J.
Zhang
, C. P.
Devreugd
, J.
Li
, and D.
Viehland
, J. Appl. Phys.
111
, 103503
(2012
).19.
X.
Sun
, J.
Deng
, J.
Chen
, C.
Sun
, and X.
Xing
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
92
, 3033
(2009
).20.
S.
Zhang
, R.
Xia
, T. R.
Shrout
, G.
Zang
, and J.
Wang
, J. Appl. Phys.
100
, 104108
(2006
).21.
E.
Hollenstein
, D.
Damjanovic
, and N.
Setter
, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
27
, 4093
(2007
).22.
A.
Martin
, K.
Kakimoto
, K.
Hatano
, and Y.
Doshida
, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.
124
, 730
(2016
).23.
S. C. I.
Hwang
, C. S.
Lynch
, and R. M.
McMeeking
, Acta Metall. Mater.
43
, 2073
(1995
).24.
K.
Aizu
, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.
27
, 387
(1969
).25.
J. L.
Jones
and M.
Hoffman
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
89
, 3721
(2006
).26.
C. M.
Landis
, J. Mech. Phys. Solids
51
, 1347
(2003
).27.
Y.
Huan
, X.
Wang
, J.
Koruza
, K.
Wang
, K. G.
Webber
, Y.
Hao
, and L.
Li
, Sci. Rep.
6
, 22053
(2016
).28.
K. G.
Webber
, E.
Aulbach
, T.
Key
, M.
Marsilius
, T.
Granzow
, and J.
Rödel
, Acta Mater.
57
, 4614
(2009
).29.
K.
Hatano
, A.
Yamamoto
, Y.
Doshida
, and Y.
Mizuno
, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.
123
, 561
(2015
).30.
H. T.
Martirena
and J. C.
Burfoot
, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.
7
, 3182
(1974
).31.
G.
Arlt
, D.
Hennings
, and G.
de With
, J. Appl. Phys.
58
, 1619
(1985
).32.
K. G.
Webber
, Y.
Zhang
, W.
Jo
, J. E.
Daniels
, and J.
Ro¨del
, J. Appl. Phys.
108
, 14101
(2010
).33.
G.
Picht
, K. G.
Webber
, Y.
Zhang
, H.
Kungl
, D.
Damjanovic
, and M. J.
Hoffmann
, J. Appl. Phys.
112
, 124101
(2012
).34.
J. E.
Daniels
, G.
Picht
, S.
Kimber
, and K. G.
Webber
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
103
, 122902
(2013
).35.
J. E.
Daniels
, J. L.
Jones
, and T. R.
Finlayson
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
39
, 5294
(2006
).36.
K.
Kakimoto
, T.
Sumi
, and I.
Kagomiya
, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
49
, 09MD10
(2010
).37.
M. I.
Morozov
, M.
Einarsrud
, J. R.
Tolchard
, P. T.
Geiger
, K. G.
Webber
, D.
Damjanovic
, and G.
Tor
, J. Appl. Phys.
118
, 164104
(2015
).38.
H.
Cao
and A. G.
Evans
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
76
, 890
(1993
).39.
W. L.
Warren
, K.
Vanheusden
, D.
Dimos
, G. E.
Pike
, and B. A.
Tuttle
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
79
, 536
(1996
).40.
M. I.
Morozov
and D.
Damjanovic
, J. Appl. Phys.
104
, 34107
(2008
).41.
A. B.
Schäufele
and K. H.
Härdtl
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
79
, 2637
(1996
).42.
K. G.
Webber
, M.
Vögler
, N.
Khansur
, B.
Kaeswurm
, J.
Daniels
, and F.
Schader
, Smart Mater. Struct.
26
, 63001
(2017
).43.
J.
Sapriel
, Phys. Rev. B
12
, 5128
(1975
).44.
F. X.
Li
and R. K. N. D.
Rajapakse
, J. Appl. Phys.
101
, 54110
(2007
).45.
R. D.
Redin
, G. W.
Marks
, and C. E.
Antoniak
, J. Appl. Phys.
34
, 600
(1963
).46.
N.
Uchida
and T.
Ikeda
, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
6
, 1079
(1967
).47.
J. L.
Jones
, M.
Hoffman
, and K. J.
Bowman
, J. Appl. Phys.
98
, 24115
(2005
).48.
Y. W.
Li
, X. L.
Zhou
, and F. X.
Li
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
43
, 175501
(2010
).49.
D. J.
Franzbach
, Y.-H.
Seo
, A. J.
Studer
, Y.
Zhang
, J.
Glaum
, J. E.
Daniels
, J.
Koruza
, A.
Benčan
, B.
Malič
, and K. G.
Webber
, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.
15
, 15010
(2014
).50.
Y. H.
Seo
, D. J.
Franzbach
, J.
Koruza
, A.
Benčan
, B.
Malič
, M.
Kosec
, J. L.
Jones
, and K. G.
Webber
, Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys.
87
, 94116
(2013
).51.
M.
Davis
, D.
Damjanovic
, and N.
Setter
, Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys.
73
, 14115
(2006
).52.
G.
Esteves
, C. M.
Fancher
, S.
Röhrig
, G. A.
Maier
, J. L.
Jones
, and M.
Deluca
, Acta Mater.
132
, 96
(2017
).53.
W. J.
Merz
, Phys. Rev.
91
, 513
(1953
).54.
J. A.
Gonzalo
and J. M.
Rivera
, Ferroelectrics
2
, 31
(1971
).55.
E. A.
McLaughlin
, T.
Liu
, and C. S.
Lynch
, Acta Mater.
53
, 4001
(2005
).56.
M.
Marsilius
, K. G.
Webber
, E.
Aulbach
, and T.
Granzow
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
93
, 2850
(2010
).© 2017 Author(s).
2017
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
