Doping mechanisms of Mn in GaAs nanowires (NWs) that have been grown self-catalytically at 600 °C by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are investigated using advanced electron microscopy techniques and atom probe tomography. Mn is found to be incorporated primarily in the form of non-magnetic tetragonal Ga0.82Mn0.18 nanocrystals in Ga catalyst droplets at the ends of the NWs, while trace amounts of Mn (22 ± 4 at. ppm) are also distributed randomly in the NW bodies without forming clusters or precipitates. The nanocrystals are likely to form after switching off the reaction in the MBE chamber, since they are partially embedded in neck regions of the NWs. The Ga0.82Mn0.18 nanocrystals and the low Mn concentration in the NW bodies are insufficient to induce a ferromagnetic phase transition, suggesting that it is difficult to have high Mn contents in GaAs even in 1-D NW growth via the vapor-liquid-solid process.
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7 August 2015
Research Article|
August 03 2015
Direct observation of doping incorporation pathways in self-catalytic GaMnAs nanowires
T. Kasama;
T. Kasama
a)
1Center for Electron Nanoscopy,
Technical University of Denmark
, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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M. Thuvander
;
M. Thuvander
2Department of Applied Physics,
Chalmers University of Technology
, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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A. Siusys;
A. Siusys
3Institute of Physics,
Polish Academy of Sciences,
al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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L. C. Gontard;
L. C. Gontard
4
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US)
, C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
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A. Kovács;
A. Kovács
5Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute,
Forschungszentrum Jülich
, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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S. Yazdi;
S. Yazdi
1Center for Electron Nanoscopy,
Technical University of Denmark
, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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M. Duchamp
;
M. Duchamp
5Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute,
Forschungszentrum Jülich
, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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A. Gustafsson
;
A. Gustafsson
6Solid State Physics and the Nanometer Structure Consortium,
Lund University
, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
;
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
5Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute,
Forschungszentrum Jülich
, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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J. Sadowski
J. Sadowski
3Institute of Physics,
Polish Academy of Sciences,
al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warszawa, Poland
7MAX-IV Laboratory,
Lund University
, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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T. Kasama
1,a)
M. Thuvander
2
A. Siusys
3
L. C. Gontard
4
A. Kovács
5
S. Yazdi
1
M. Duchamp
5
A. Gustafsson
6
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
5
J. Sadowski
3,7
1Center for Electron Nanoscopy,
Technical University of Denmark
, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
2Department of Applied Physics,
Chalmers University of Technology
, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
3Institute of Physics,
Polish Academy of Sciences,
al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warszawa, Poland
4
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US)
, C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
5Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute,
Forschungszentrum Jülich
, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
6Solid State Physics and the Nanometer Structure Consortium,
Lund University
, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
7MAX-IV Laboratory,
Lund University
, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: [email protected]
J. Appl. Phys. 118, 054302 (2015)
Article history
Received:
April 15 2015
Accepted:
July 19 2015
Citation
T. Kasama, M. Thuvander, A. Siusys, L. C. Gontard, A. Kovács, S. Yazdi, M. Duchamp, A. Gustafsson, R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, J. Sadowski; Direct observation of doping incorporation pathways in self-catalytic GaMnAs nanowires. J. Appl. Phys. 7 August 2015; 118 (5): 054302. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927623
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