We demonstrate the fabrication of reproducible long-range ferromagnetism (FM) in highly crystalline GdxZn1−xO thin films by controlling the defects. Films are grown on lattice-matched substrates by pulsed laser deposition at low oxygen pressures (≤25 mTorr) and low Gd concentrations (x ≤ 0.009). These films feature strong FM (10 μB per Gd atom) at room temperature. While films deposited at higher oxygen pressure do not exhibit FM, FM is recovered by post-annealing these films under vacuum. These findings reveal the contribution of oxygen deficiency defects to the long-range FM. We demonstrate the possible FM mechanisms, which are confirmed by density functional theory study, and show that Gd dopants are essential for establishing FM that is induced by intrinsic defects in these films.
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21 February 2015
Research Article|
February 19 2015
Obtaining strong ferromagnetism in diluted Gd-doped ZnO thin films through controlled Gd-defect complexes
I. S. Roqan;
I. S. Roqan
a)
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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S. Venkatesh;
S. Venkatesh
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Z. Zhang;
Z. Zhang
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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S. Hussain;
S. Hussain
b)
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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I. Bantounas;
I. Bantounas
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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J. B. Franklin;
J. B. Franklin
c)
2
Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology
, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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T. H. Flemban
;
T. H. Flemban
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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B. Zou;
B. Zou
2
Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology
, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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J.-S. Lee;
J.-S. Lee
3Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource,
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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U. Schwingenschlogl;
U. Schwingenschlogl
1Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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P. K. Petrov;
P. K. Petrov
2
Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology
, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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M. P. Ryan;
M. P. Ryan
2
Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology
, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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N. M. Alford
N. M. Alford
2
Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology
, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: iman.roqan@kaust.edu.sa.
b)
Present address: UGC-DAE CSR, Kalpakkam Node, TN 603104, India.
c)
Energy Research Institute @ Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Cleantech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141.
J. Appl. Phys. 117, 073904 (2015)
Article history
Received:
December 10 2014
Accepted:
February 05 2015
Citation
I. S. Roqan, S. Venkatesh, Z. Zhang, S. Hussain, I. Bantounas, J. B. Franklin, T. H. Flemban, B. Zou, J.-S. Lee, U. Schwingenschlogl, P. K. Petrov, M. P. Ryan, N. M. Alford; Obtaining strong ferromagnetism in diluted Gd-doped ZnO thin films through controlled Gd-defect complexes. J. Appl. Phys. 21 February 2015; 117 (7): 073904. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4908288
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