We have investigated the thermally induced transformation of various residues of the corn plant into nanoparticles and nanorods of different silicon carbide (SiC) polytypes. This has been accomplished by both microwave-induced and conventional furnace pyrolysis in excess of 1450 °C in an inert atmosphere. This simple process of producing nanoparticles of different polytypes of SiC from the corn plant opens a new method of utilizing agricultural waste to produce viable industrial products that are technologically important for nanoelectronics, molecular sensors, nanophotonics, biotechnology, and other mechanical applications. Using x-ray and Raman scattering characterization, we have demonstrated that the processed samples of corn husk, leaves, stalks, and cob consist of SiC nanostructures of the 2H, 3C, 4H, and 6H polytypes.
References
1.
2.
S. B.
Qadri
, M. A.
Imam
, A. W.
Fliflet
, B. B.
Rath
, R.
Goswami
, and J. D.
Caldwell
, J. Appl. Phys.
111
, 073523
(2012
).3.
Y. L.
Chiew
and K. Y.
Cheong
, Mater. Sci. Eng., B
176
, 951
–964
(2011
).4.
E. P.
Gorzkowski
, S. B.
Qadri
, B. B.
Rath
, R.
Goswami
, and J. D.
Caldwell
, J. Electron. Mater.
42
, 799
–804
(2013
).5.
K. R.
Karasek
, S. A.
Bradley
, J. T.
Denner
, M. R.
Martin
, K. L.
Haynes
, and H. C.
Yeh
, J. Mater. Sci.
24
, 1617
–1622
(1989
).6.
J. D.
Caldwell
, R. E.
Stahlbush
, and N. A.
Mahadik
, J. Electrochem. Soc.
159
, R46
–R51
(2012
).7.
M.
Skowronski
and S.
Ha
, J. Appl. Phys.
99
, 011101
(2006
).8.
J. D.
Caldwell
, O. J.
Glembocki
, Y.
Francescato
, N.
Sharac
, V.
Giannini
, F. J.
Bezares
, J. P.
Long
, J. C.
Owrutsky
, I.
Vurgaftman
, J. G.
Tischler
, V. D.
Wheeler
, N. D.
Bassim
, L. M.
Shirey
, R.
Kasica
, and S. A.
Maier
, Nano Lett.
13
, 3690
–3697
(2013
).9.
R.
Hillenbrand
, T.
Taubner
, and F.
Keilmann
, Nature
418
, 159
–162
(2002
).10.
M.
Henini
and M.
Razeghi
, Optoelectronic Devices: III Nitrides
(Elsevier Science
, Berlin
, 2005
).11.
J.
Edmond
, H.
Kong
, A.
Suvorov
, D.
Waltz
, and C.
Carter
, Jr., “6H-silicon carbide light emitting diodes and UV photodiodes
,” Phys. Status Solidi A
162
, 481
(1997
).12.
R.
Cheung
, Silicon Carbide for Electromechanical Systems for Harsh Environments
(Imperial College Press
, London
, 2006
).13.
J. D.
Caldwell
, L.
Lindsey
, V.
Giannini
, I.
Vurgaftman
, T.
Reinecke
, S. A.
Maier
, and O. J.
Glembocki
, “Low-loss, infrared and terahertz nanophotonics using surface phonon polaritons
,” Nanophotonics
(in press).14.
Y.
Chen
, Y.
Francescato
, J. D.
Caldwell
, V.
Giannini
, T. W. W.
Maß
, O. J.
Glembocki
, F. J.
Bezares
, T.
Taubner
, R.
Kasica
, M.
Hong
, and S. A.
Maier
, ACS Photonics
1
, 718
(2014
).15.
T.
Wang
, P.
Li
, B.
Hauer
, D. N.
Chigrin
, and T.
Taubner
, Nano Lett.
13
, 5051
–5055
(2013
).16.
J. A.
Schuller
, R.
Zia
, T.
Taubner
, and M. L.
Brongersma
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
99
, 107401
–107404
(2007
).17.
T.
Taubner
, D.
Korobkin
, Y.
Urzhumov
, G.
Shvets
, and R.
Hillenbrand
, Science
313
, 1595
(2006
).18.
B.
Edwards
and N.
Engheta
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
, 193902
(2012
).19.
20.
S. B.
Qadri
, E. P.
Gorzkowski
, M. A.
Imam
, A. W.
Fliflet
, R.
Goswami
, H.
Kim
, J. D.
Caldwell
, F.
Klemm
, and B. B.
Rath
, Ind. Crops Prod.
51
, 158
–162
(2013
).21.
J.
Glinnemann
, H. E.
King
, Jr., H.
Schultz
, Th.
Hahn
, S. J.
La Placa
, and F.
Dacol
, Z. Kristallogr.
198
, 177
–212
(1992
).22.
N. C.
Halder
and C. N. J.
Wagner
, Acta Crystallogr.
20
, 312
(1966
).23.
24.
Y. L.
Chiew
and K. Y.
Cheong
, J. Mater Sci.
47
, 5477
–5487
(2012
).25.
S.
Nakashima
and H.
Harima
, Phys. Status Solidi A
162
, 39
–64
(1997
).26.
W.
Li
, H.
Zhang
, C.
Wang
, Y.
Zhang
, L.
Xu
, K.
Zhu
, and S.
Xie
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
70
, 2684
–2686
(1997
).27.
S.
Dhara
, P.
Sahoo
, A. K.
Tyagi
, and B.
Raj
, in Nanowires—Implementations and Applications
, edited by A.
Hashim
(InTech
, Rijeka, Croatia
, 2011
), pp. 3
–26
.28.
J. H.
Zhu
, J. Q.
Ning
, C. C.
Zheng
, S. J.
Xu
, S. M.
Zhang
, and H.
Yang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
99
, 113115
(2011
).29.
C. F.
Bohren
and D. R.
Huffman
, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
, Weinheim, Germany
, 2004
).30.
K.
Suirote
and P.
Leangsuwan
, J. Mater. Sci.
38
, 4739
(2003
).31.
J. P.
Bergman
, H.
Lendenmann
, P. A.
Nilsson
, U.
Lindefelt
, and P.
Skytt
, Mater. Sci. Forum
353–356
, 299
–302
(2001
).32.
J. D.
Caldwell
, K. X.
Liu
, M. J.
Tadjer
, O. J.
Glembocki
, R. E.
Stahlbush
, K. D.
Hobart
, and F.
Kub
, J. Electron. Mater.
36
, 318
–323
(2007
).33.
T.
Miyanagi
, H.
Tsuchida
, I. S.
Kamata
, T.
Nakamura
, K.
Nkayama
, R.
Ishii
, and Y.
Sugawara
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
89
, 062104
(2006
).34.
J. D.
Caldwell
, O. J.
Glembocki
, R. E.
Stahlbush
, and K. D.
Hobart
, J. Electron. Mater.
37
, 699
–705
(2008
).35.
S. I.
Maximenko
, J. A.
Freitas
, P. B.
Klein
, A.
Shrivastava
, and T. S.
Sudharshan
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
94
, 092101
(2009
).36.
J. D.
Caldwell
, P. B.
Klein
, M. E.
Twigg
, R. E.
Stahlbush
, O. J.
Glembocki
, K.
Liu
, K. D.
Hobart
, and F.
Kub
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
89
, 103519
(2006
).37.
S.
Izumi
, H.
Tsuchida
, I.
Kamata
, and T.
Tawara
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
86
, 202108
(2005
).38.
K. M.
Speer
, P. G.
Neudeck
, D. J.
Spry
, A. J.
Trunek
, and P.
Pirouz
, J. Electron. Mater.
37
, 672
–680
(2008
).39.
S.
Limpijumnong
and W. R. L.
Lambrecht
, Phys. Rev. B
57
, 12017
–12022
(1998
).40.
N.
Bernstein
, H. J.
Gotsis
, D. A.
Papaconstantopolous
, and M.
Mehl
, Phys. Rev. B
71
, 075203
(2005
).41.
J. D.
Caldwell
, R. E.
Stahlbush
, O. J.
Glembocki
, M. G.
Ancona
, and K. D.
Hobart
, J. Appl. Phys.
108
, 044503
(2010
).42.
X.
Wu
, J.
Fan
, T.
Qiu
, X.
Yang
, G.
Siu
, and P.
Chu
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
94
, 026102
(2005
).43.
J. V.
Milewski
, F. D.
Gac
, J. J.
Petrrovic
, and S. R.
Skaggs
, J. Mater. Sci.
20
, 1160
(1985
).44.
45.
A.
Chokshi
and J. R.
Porter
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
68
, C-144
(1985
).46.
47.
W.
Zhou
, X.
Liu
, and Y.
Zhang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
89
, 223124
(2006
).48.
H. Y.
Wang
, Y. Q.
Wang
, Q. F.
Hu
, and X. J.
Li
, Sens. Actuators, B
166–167
, 451
(2012
).49.
S. J.
Pearton
, F.
Ren
, Y. L.
Wang
, B. H.
Chu
, K. H.
Chen
, C. Y.
Chang
, W.
Lim
, J. S.
Lin
, and D. P.
Norton
, Prog. Mater. Sci.
55
, 1
–59
(2010
).© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
2015
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
