Nanocomposites of polyvinylidene fluoride/polymethyl methacrylate (PVDF/PMMA) blend and mechanically activated barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles were prepared by melt mixing. Modification of filler by means of mechanical activation has a profound effect on the crystallization of PVDF in the blend matrix. Raman analysis showed that the modified BaTiO3 particles, due to higher specific surfaces, induce, predominantly, the crystallization of the electrically active β-phase of PVDF, while the initial micron size particles induce the formation of the most common but non-polar α-crystal form. The introduction of activated particles reduces the overall crystallinity but slightly affects the crystallization and melting temperatures of the matrix. Dielectric spectroscopy revealed that at fixed filler content the dielectric constant of the blend increases with decreasing of the particle size (increasing of the activation time). A similar trend was observed for the storage moduli in dynamic mechanical analysis; the stiffness of the composite was higher when mechanically activated particles were used.
REFERENCES
1.
Handbook of Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials and their Applications
, edited by H. S.
Nalwa
(Academic Press
, London
, 1999
).2.
A. J.
Lovinger
, Science
220
, 1115
(1983
).3.
H. S.
Nalwa
, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys.
31
, 341
(1991
).4.
N. J.
Ramer
, T.
Marrone
, and K.
Stiso
, Polym. J.
47
, 7160
(2006
).5.
R.
Gregorio
, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
100
, 3272
(2006
).6.
K.
Matsushige
, K.
Nagata
, S.
Imada
, and T.
Takemura
, Polym. J.
21
, 1391
(1980
).7.
G. T.
Davis
, J. E.
McKinney
, M. G.
Broadhurst
, and S. C.
Roth
, J. Appl. Phys.
49
, 4998
(1978
).8.
K.
Matsushige
and T.
Takemura
, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed.
16
, 921
(1978
).9.
D.
Shah
, P.
Maiti
, E.
Gunn
, D. F.
Schmidt
, D. D.
Jiang
, C. A.
Batt
, and E. P.
Giannelis
, Adv. Mater.
16
, 1173
(2004
).10.
S.
Ramasundaram
, S.
Yoon
, K. J.
Kim
, J. S.
Lee
, and C.
Park
, Macromol. Chem. Phys.
210
, 951
(2009
).11.
C.
Leonard
, J. L.
Halary
, and L.
Monnerie
, Macromolecules
21
, 2988
(1988
).12.
V. P.
Pavlović
, D.
Popović
, J.
Krstić
, J.
Dojčilović
, B.
Babić
, and V. B.
Pavlović
, J. Alloys Compd.
486
, 633
(2009
).13.
V. P.
Pavlović
, J.
Krstić
, M. J.
Šćepanović
, J.
Dojčilović
, D. M.
Minić
, J.
Blanuša
, S.
Stevanović
, V.
Mitić
, and V. B.
Pavlović
, Ceram. Int.
37
, 2513
(2011
).14.
S.
Ducharme
, ACS Nano.
3
, 2447
(2009
).15.
P.
Kim
, S. C.
Jones
, P. J.
Hotchkiss
, J. N.
Haddock
, B.
Kippelen
, S. R.
Marder
, and J. W.
Perry
, Adv. Mater.
19
, 1001
(2007
).16.
P.
Kim
, N. M.
Doss
, J. P.
Tillotson
, P. J.
Hotchkiss
, M.-J.
Pan
, S. R.
Marder
, J.
Li
, J. P.
Calame
, and J. W.
Perry
, ACS Nano
3
, 2581
(2009
).17.
J.
Li
, J.
Claude
, L. E.
Norena-Franco
, S. I.
Seok
, and Q.
Wang
, Chem. Mater.
20
, 6304
(2008
).18.
V.
Tomer
, E.
Manias
, and C. A.
Randall
, J. Appl. Phys.
110
, 044107
(2011
).19.
B. H.
Fan
, J. W.
Zha
, D. R.
Wang
, J.
Zhao
, and Z. M.
Dang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
100
, 012903
(2012
).20.
Z.-M.
Dang
, J.-K.
Yuan
, S.-H.
Yao
, and R.-J.
Liao
, Adv. Mater.
25
, 6334
(2013
).21.
Z.-M.
Dang
, J.-K.
Yuan
, J.-W.
Zha
, T.
Zhou
, S.-T.
Li
, and G.-H.
Hu
, Prog. Mater. Sci.
57
, 660
(2012
).22.
K.
Yu
, Y.
Niu
, Y.
Zhou
, Y. Y.
Bai
, and H.
Wang
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
96
, 2519
(2013
).23.
Y. P.
Mao
, S. Y.
Mao
, Z.-G.
Ye
, Z. X.
Xie
, and L. S.
Zheng
, J. Appl. Phys.
108
, 014102
(2010
).24.
K.
Yu
, H.
Wang
, Y.
Zhou
, Y.
Bai
, and Y.
Niu
, J. Appl. Phys.
113
, 034105
(2013
).25.
K.
Yu
, Y.
Niu
, F.
Xiang
, Y. C.
Zhou
, Y. Y.
Bai
, and H.
Wang
, J. Appl. Phys.
114
, 174107
(2013
).26.
U.
Valiyaneerilakkal
and S.
Varghese
, AIP Adv.
3
, 042131
(2013
).27.
D.
Olmos
, F.
Montero
, G.
Gonzalez-Gaitano
, and J.
Gonzalez-Benito
, Polym. Compos.
34
, 2094
(2013
).28.
L.
Yingying
, C.
Jason
, N.
Bret
, Z.
Qiming
, and W.
Qing
, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
128
, 8120
(2006
).29.
M. T.
Buscaglia
, M.
Bassoli
, and V.
Buscaglia
, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
88
, 2374
(2005
).30.
M. A.
Bachmann
, W. L.
Gordon
, J. L.
Koenig
, and J. B.
Lando
, J. Appl. Phys.
50
, 6106
(1979
).31.
T.
Hoshina
, H.
Kakemoto
, T.
Tsurumi
, S.
Wada
, and M.
Yashima
, J. Appl. Phys.
99
, 054311
(2006
).32.
R.
Naik
, J. J.
Nazarko
, C. S.
Flattery
, U. D.
Venkateswaran
, V. M.
Naik
, M. S.
Mohammed
, G. W.
Auner
, J. V.
Mantese
, N. W.
Schubring
, A. L.
Micheli
, and A. B.
Catalan
, Phys. Rev. B.
61
, 11367
(2000
).33.
W.-S.
Chou
and E.
Hamada
, J. Alloys Compd.
266
, 118
(1998
).34.
A.
Matsushita
, Y.
Ren
, K.
Matsukawa
, H.
Inoue
, Y.
Minami
, I.
Noda
, and Y.
Ozaki
, Vib. Spectrosc.
24
, 171
(2000
).35.
E. D.
Emmons
, G.
Kraus
, S. S.
Duvvuri
, J. S.
Thompson
, and A. M.
Covington
, J. Polym. Sci., Part B
45
, 358
(2007
).36.
T. I.
Fukazawa
, D.
Kita
, and K.
Nagashima
, J. Polym. Sci., Part B
46
, 831
(2008
).37.
P.
Nallasamy
and S.
Mohan
, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.
43
, 821
(2005
), available at http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8879/1/IJPAP%2043%2811%29%20821-827.pdf.38.
T.
Boccaccio
, A.
Bottino
, G.
Capannelli
, and P.
Piaggio
, J. Membr. Sci.
210
, 315
(2002
).39.
S.
Satapathy
, S.
Pawar
, P. K.
Gupta
, and K. B. R.
Varma
, Bull. Mater. Sci.
34
, 727
(2011
).40.
M.
Kobayashi
, K.
Tashiro
, and H.
Tadokoro
, Macromolecules
8
, 158
(1975
).41.
Y.
Yang
, G.
Wu
, S.
Ramalingam
, and S. L.
Hsu
, Macromolecules
40
, 9658
(2007
).42.
E.
Freire
, O.
Bianchi
, J. N.
Martins
, E. E. C.
Monteiro
, and M. M. C.
Forte
, J. Non-Cryst. Solids
358
, 2674
(2012
).43.
S.
Schneider
, X.
Drujon
, J. C.
Wittmann
, and B.
Lotz
, Polym. J.
42
, 8799
(2001
).44.
C.
Lei
, X.
Wang
, D.
Tu
, H.
Wang
, and Q.
Du
, Mater. Chem. Phys.
114
, 272
(2009
).45.
J.
Mijovic
, J.-W.
Sy
, and T. K.
Kwei
, Macromolecules
30
, 3042
(1997
).46.
B.
Hahn
, J.
Wendorff
, and D. Y.
Yoon
, Macromolecules
18
, 718
(1985
).47.
D. R.
Paul
and J. O.
Altamirano
, Adv. Chem. Ser.
142
, 371
(1975
).48.
49.
N.
Karasawa
and W. A.
Goddard
III, Macromolecules
28
, 6765
(1995
).50.
N.
Moussaif
and G.
Groeninckx
, Polym. J.
44
, 7899
(2003
).51.
See supplemental material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4866694 for dielectric spectra of the non-activated and mechanically activated BaTiO3 as well as for dielectric spectra of the composites obtained at various frequencies.
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
