In order to improve the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, several types of steels are mechanically alloyed with yttria. The processes that are active during milling differ dependent on the individual powder constituents. Nevertheless, some theories exist which try to describe the mechanism of producing a metastable phase during milling. However, even in the system iron–yttria, the mechanisms taking place during milling are still not well understood. By using the example of a simple iron–yttria model alloy, this paper attempts to elucidate the structure of mechanically milled powder particles and, consequently, to clarify the functionality of mechanical alloying in the last stage of milling. Positron annihilation experiments on milled materials revealed “open” volumes which are enriched in yttria. Electron backscatter diffraction and atom probe tomography as complimentary techniques allowed an identification of these “open” volumes as mainly vacancies, where enrichments of Y and O occur. From these results, it can be concluded that especially vacancies are responsible for producing a metastable phase, whereby yttria is dissolved in pure iron.
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28 March 2014
Research Article|
March 27 2014
New findings on the atomistic mechanisms active during mechanical milling of a Fe-Y2O3 model alloy
G. Ressel;
G. Ressel
1
Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
2
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Early Stages of Precipitation, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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P. Parz;
P. Parz
3
Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology
, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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S. Primig;
S. Primig
1
Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
2
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Early Stages of Precipitation, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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H. Leitner;
H. Leitner
a)
1
Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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H. Clemens;
H. Clemens
1
Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben
, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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W. Puff
W. Puff
3
Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology
, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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a)
Present address: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG, 8605 Kapfenberg, Austria.
J. Appl. Phys. 115, 124313 (2014)
Article history
Received:
December 20 2013
Accepted:
March 17 2014
Citation
G. Ressel, P. Parz, S. Primig, H. Leitner, H. Clemens, W. Puff; New findings on the atomistic mechanisms active during mechanical milling of a Fe-Y2O3 model alloy. J. Appl. Phys. 28 March 2014; 115 (12): 124313. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4869787
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