A pair of counter-propagating high-Q whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) can couple to each other and produce two new modes with a significant resonance splitting when single or multi-Rayleigh scatterers are adsorbed on the microcavity surface. In this paper, we investigate the mode-splitting-based biosensing by using a biorecognition-covered WGM microcavity because the pre-covering is essentially necessary for label-free detection of specific biological targets. It is shown that the quantitative detection, e.g., nanoparticle sizing, is strongly affected by the biorecognition, and the minimum target size suitable for detection is subjected to the surface pre-covering ratio. To eliminate this degradation induced by biorecognition, we further propose to use the total linewidth broadening of the two new modes as the detection signal, which is immune to thermal fluctuation.
REFERENCES
1.
F.
Vollmer
, D.
Braun
, A.
Libchaber
, M.
Khoshsima
, I.
Teraoka
, and S.
Arnold
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
80
, 4057
(2002
).2.
J. L.
Nadeau
, V. S.
Iltchenko
, D.
Kossakovski
, G. H.
Bearman
, and L.
Maleki
, Proc. SPIE
4629
, 172
(2002
).3.
E.
Krioukov
, J.
Greve
, and C.
Otto
, Sens. Actuators B
90
, 58
(2003
).4.
Y.-F.
Xiao
, C.-L.
Zou
, B.-B.
Li
, Y.
Li
, C.-H.
Dong
, Z.-F.
Han
, and Q.
Gong
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
105
, 153902
(2010
).5.
M.
Noto
, M.
Khoshsima
, D.
Keng
, I.
Teraoka
, V.
Kolchenko
, and S.
Arnold
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
87
, 223901
(2005
).6.
I. M.
White
, H.
Oveys
, and X.
Fan
, Opt. Lett.
31
, 1319
(2006
).7.
P.
Zijlstra
, K. L.
van der Molen
, and A. P.
Mosk
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
90
, 161101
(2007
).8.
A.
Francois
and M.
Himmelhaus
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
92
, 141107
(2008
).9.
J. T.
Robinson
, L.
Chen
, and M.
Lipson
, Opt. Express
16
, 4296
(2008
).10.
H. C.
Ren
, F.
Vollmer
, and S.
Arnold
, Opt. Express
15
, 17410
(2007
).11.
F.
Vollmer
, S.
Arnold
, and D.
Keng
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
105
, 20701
(2008
).12.
T.
Lu
, H.
Lee
, T.
Chen
, S.
Herchak
, J.-H.
Kim
, S. E.
Fraser
, R. C.
Flagan
, and K.
Vahala
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
108
, 5976
(2011
).13.
J.
Zhu
, S. K.
Ozdemir
, Y.-F.
Xiao
, L.
Li
, L.
He
, D.-R.
Chen
, and L.
Yang
, Nat. Photonics
4
, 46
(2010
).14.
X.
Yi
, Y.-F.
Xiao
, Y.-C.
Liu
, B.-B.
Li
, Y.-L.
Chen
, Y.
Li
, and Q.
Gong
, Phys. Rev. A
83
, 023803
(2011
).15.
J.
Knitte
, T. G.
McRae
, K. H.
Lee
, and W. P.
Bowen
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
97
, 123704
(2010
).16.
I.
Teraoka
and S.
Arnold
, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
26
, 1321
(2009
).17.
Y.
Shen
and J.-T.
Shen
, Phys. Rev. A
85
, 013801
(2012
).18.
J.
Wiersig
, Phys. Rev. A
84
, 063828
(2011
).19.
X.
Yi
, Y.-F.
Xiao
, Y.
Li
, Y.-C.
Liu
, B.-B.
Li
, Z.-P.
Liu
, and Q.
Gong
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
97
, 203705
(2010
).20.
L.
He
, S. K.
Ozdemir
, J.
Zhu
, and L.
Yang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
96
, 221101
(2010
).21.
F.
Vollmer
and S.
Arnold
, Nat. Methods
5
, 591
(2008
).22.
X.
Fan
, I. M.
White
, S. I.
Shopova
, H.
Zhu
, J. D.
Suter
, and Y.
Sun
, Anal. Chim. Acta
620
, 8
(2008
).23.
J.
Zhu
, S. K.
Ozdemir
, L.
He
, and L.
Yang
, Opt. Express
18
, 23535
(2010
).24.
W.
Kim
, S. K.
Ozdemir
, J.
Zhu
, L.
He
, and L.
Yang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
97
, 071111
(2010
).25.
D. S.
Weiss
, V.
Sandoghdar
, J.
Hare
, V.
Lefèvre-Seguin
, J.-M.
Raimond
, and S.
Haroche
, Opt. Lett.
20
, 1835
(1995
).26.
A.
Mazzei
, S.
Götzinger
, L. de S.
Menezes
, G.
Zumofen
, O.
Benson
, and V.
Sandoghdar
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
99
, 173603
(2007
).27.
K. R.
Hiremath
and V. N.
Astratov
, Opt. Express
16
, 5421
(2008
).28.
T. J.
Kippenberg
, A. L.
Tchebotareva
, J.
Kalkman
, A.
Polman
, and K. J.
Vahala
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
103
, 027406
(2009
).29.
B.
Koch
, Y.
Yi
, J.-Y.
Zhang
, S.
Znameroski
, and T.
Smith
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
95
, 201111
(2009
).30.
L.
Deych
and J.
Rubin
, Phys. Rev. A
80
, 061805
–R
(2009
).31.
J.
Kalia
and R.T.
Raines
, Curr. Org. Chem.
14
, 138
(2010
).32.
H. K.
Hunt
, C.
Soteropulos
, and A. M.
Armani
, Sensor
10
, 9317
(2010
).33.
L.
Bongini
, D.
Fanelli
, F.
Piazza
, P.
De Los Rios
, S.
Sandin
, and U.
Skoglund
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
101
, 6466
(2004
).34.
A. M.
Armani
, R. P.
Kulkarni
, S. E.
Fraser
, R. C.
Flagan
, and K. J.
Vahala
, Science
317
, 783
(2007
).35.
S. A.
Wise
and R. A.
Watters
, “Bovine serum albumin (7% Solution) (SRM 927d)
,” NIST Gaithersburg, MD (2006
).36.
W.
Kim
, S. K.
Özdemir
, J.
Zhu
, and L.
Yang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
98
, 141106
(2011
).37.
S.
Arnold
, D.
Keng
, S. I.
Shopova
, S.
Holler
, W.
Zurawsky
, and F.
Vollmer
, Opt. Express
17
, 6230
(2009
).38.
J.
Zhu
, S. K.
Ozdemir
, L.
He
, D.-R.
Chen
, and L.
Yang
, Opt. Express
, 19
, 16195
(2011
).© 2012 American Institute of Physics.
2012
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.