Effect of hydrogen on catalyst nanoparticles in carbon nanotube growth

The structures of carbon nanotubes grown from catalytic nanoparticles via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in $CH4/H2$ mixtures show a strong dependence on the $H2$-to-$CH4$ ratio in the feed gas. A suite of characterization techniques, including optical emission, infrared, and Raman spectroscopies combined with convergent-beam and selected-area electron diffraction, and high-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy imaging were used to systematically investigate the interrelation among plasma gas phase composition, catalysts morphology, catalyst structure, and carbon nanotube structure. Hydrogen plays a critical role in determining the final carbon nanotube structure through its effect on the catalyst crystal structure and morphology. At low $H2$-to-$CH4$ ratios $(∼1)$⁠, iron catalyst nanoparticles are converted to $Fe3C$ and well-graphitized nanotubes grow from elongated $Fe3C$ crystals. High $(>5)$ $H2$-to-$CH4$ ratios in the feed gas result in high hydrogen concentrations in the plasma and strongly reducing conditions, which prevents conversion of Fe to $Fe3C$⁠. In the latter case, poorly-graphitized nanofibers grow from ductile bcc iron nanocrystals that are easily deformed into tapered nanocrystals that yield nanotubes with thick walls.