We present an on-chip acoustofluidic platform for harvesting a target microalgal species from a heterogeneous population of cells and particles based on their size, density, and compressibility in a rapid, non-invasive, energy-efficient, continuously running, and automated manner. For our proof-of-principle demonstration, we use Euglena gracilis as a target species. Specifically, we show the simultaneous separation and enrichment of E. gracilis from a mixed population of E. gracilis in pond water (consisting of other microalgae and various kinds of particles as contaminants) on a single acoustofluidic chip with a recovery ratio of 92.6%, a target separation ratio of 90.1%, a concentration factor of 3.43, an enrichment factor of 12.76, and a cell viability rate of 98.3% at a high volume rate of 500 μl/min. Our results indicate that the on-chip acoustofluidic platform is an effective tool for harvesting target microalgae from mixed populations of microalgae and other contaminants.

1.
T. M.
Mata
,
A. A.
Martins
, and
N. S.
Caetano
,
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
14
,
217
232
(
2010
).
2.
Y.
Chisti
,
Trends Biotechnol.
26
(
3
),
126
131
(
2008
).
3.
D. R.
Georgianna
and
S. P.
Mayfield
,
Nature
488
(
7411
),
329
335
(
2012
).
4.
R. H.
Wijffels
and
M. J.
Barbosa
,
Science
329
(
5993
),
796
799
(
2010
).
5.
Q.
Hu
,
M.
Sommerfeld
,
E.
Jarvis
,
M.
Ghirardi
,
M.
Posewitz
,
M.
Seibert
, and
A.
Darzins
,
Plant J.
54
(
4
),
621
639
(
2008
).
6.
A.
Kumar
,
S.
Ergas
,
X.
Yuan
,
A.
Sahu
,
Q. O.
Zhang
,
J.
Dewulf
,
F. X.
Malcata
, and
H.
van Langenhove
,
Trends Biotechnol.
28
(
7
),
371
380
(
2010
).
7.
S. A.
Scott
,
M. P.
Davey
,
J. S.
Dennis
,
I.
Horst
,
C. J.
Howe
,
D. J.
Lea-Smith
, and
A. G.
Smith
,
Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.
21
(
3
),
277
286
(
2010
).
8.
M. A.
Carriquiry
,
X. D.
Du
, and
G. R.
Timilsina
,
Energy Policy
39
,
4222
4234
(
2011
).
9.
T.
Mutanda
,
D.
Ramesh
,
S.
Karthikeyan
,
S.
Kumari
,
A.
Anandraj
, and
F.
Bux
,
Bioresour. Technol.
102
(
1
),
57
70
(
2011
).
10.
B.
Naveena
,
P.
Armshaw
, and
J. T.
Pembroke
,
Biotechnol. Biofuels
8
,
140
(
2015
).
11.
P.
Spolaore
,
C.
Joannis-Cassan
,
E.
Duran
, and
A.
Isambert
,
J. Biosci. Bioeng.
101
(
2
),
87
96
(
2006
).
12.
T. S.
Sim
,
A.
Goh
, and
E. W.
Becker
,
Biomass
16
,
51
62
(
1988
).
13.
M.
Olaizola
,
Biomol. Eng.
20
(
4–6
),
459
466
(
2003
).
14.
A. J.
Dassey
and
C. S.
Theegala
,
Bioresour. Technol.
128
,
241
245
(
2013
).
15.
R.
Bhave
,
T.
Kuritz
,
L.
Powell
, and
D.
Adcock
,
Environ. Sci. Technol.
46
(
10
),
5599
5606
(
2012
).
16.
G. P.
Sheng
,
H. Q.
Yu
, and
X. Y.
Li
,
Biotechnol. Adv.
28
(
6
),
882
894
(
2010
).
17.
K. K.
Sharma
,
S.
Garg
,
Y.
Li
,
A.
Malekizadeh
, and
P. M.
Schenk
,
Biofuels
4
(
4
),
397
407
(
2014
).
18.
A.
Lenshof
,
M.
Evander
,
T.
Laurell
, and
J.
Nilsson
,
Lab Chip
12
(
4
),
684
695
(
2012
).
19.
H.
Mulvana
,
S.
Cochran
, and
M.
Hill
,
Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.
65
(
11–12
),
1600
1610
(
2013
).
20.
F.
Petersson
,
A.
Nilsson
,
C.
Holm
,
H.
Jonsson
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Lab Chip
5
(
1
),
20
22
(
2005
).
21.
G.
Destgeer
and
H. J.
Sung
,
Lab Chip
15
,
2722
2738
(
2015
).
22.
H.
Jönsson
,
C.
Holm
,
A.
Nilsson
,
F.
Petersson
,
P.
Johnsson
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Ann. Thorac. Surg.
78
(
5
),
1572
1578
(
2004
).
23.
H.
Inui
,
K.
Miyatake
,
Y.
Nakano
, and
S.
Kitaoka
,
Eur. J. Biochem.
142
(
1
),
121
126
(
1984
).
24.
S.
Koritala
,
J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
66
(
1
),
133
134
(
1989
).
25.
A.
Ranjan
,
C.
Patil
, and
V. S.
Moholkar
,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
49
(
6
),
2979
2985
(
2010
).
26.
G. S.
Araujo
,
L. J.
Matos
,
J. O.
Fernandes
,
S.
Cartaxo
,
L.
Goncalves
,
F.
Fernandes
, and
W.
Farias
,
Ultrason. Sonochem.
20
(
1
),
95
98
(
2013
).
27.
M.
Antfolk
,
P. B.
Muller
,
P.
Augustsson
,
H.
Bruus
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Lab Chip
14
(
15
),
2791
2799
(
2014
).
28.
S.
Kato
,
Jap. J. Phycol
30
,
63
67
(
1982
) (in Japanese with English abstract).
29.
R. A.
Andersen
,
J. A.
Berges
,
P. J.
Harrison
, and
M. M.
Watanabe
,
Algal Culturing Techniques
(
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam
,
2005
), pp.
429
538
.
30.
A.
Nilsson
,
F.
Petersson
,
H.
Jonsson
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Lab Chip
4
(
2
),
131
135
(
2004
).
31.
J. W.
Judy
,
Smart Mater. Struct.
10
,
1115
1134
(
2001
).
32.
T.
Laurell
,
F.
Petersson
, and
A.
Nilsson
,
Chem. Soc. Rev.
36
(
3
),
492
506
(
2007
).
33.
J. H.
Jung
,
K. S.
Lee
,
S.
Im
,
G.
Destgeer
,
B. H.
Ha
,
J.
Park
, and
H. F.
Sung
,
RSC Adv.
6
,
11081
11087
(
2016
).
34.
C.
Grenvall
,
J. R.
Folkenberg
,
P.
Augustsson
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Cytometry, Part A
81A
(
12
),
1076
1083
(
2012
).
35.
O.
Jakobsson
,
C.
Grenvall
,
M.
Nordin
,
M.
Evander
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Lab Chip
14
(
11
),
1943
1950
(
2014
).
36.
C.
Grenvall
,
P.
Augustsson
,
J. R.
Folkenberg
, and
T.
Laurell
,
Anal. Chem.
81
(
15
),
6195
6200
(
2009
).
37.
M.
Burguillos
,
C.
Magnusson
,
M.
Nordin
,
A.
Lenshof
,
P.
Augustsson
,
M. J.
Hansson
,
E.
Elmer
,
H.
Lilja
,
P.
Brundin
,
T.
Laurell
, and
T.
Deierborg
,
PLoS One
8
(
5
),
e64233
(
2013
).

Supplementary Material

You do not currently have access to this content.