This study investigates the applicability of the machine learning model in correlative spectroscopy to enhance spatial resolution for probing nanoscale structural perturbations. The developed model demonstrates significant enhancement in spatial resolution, achieving up to 50 nm through the integration of Kelvin probe force microscopy and atomic force microscopy data. The predicted nanoscale Raman image reveals abnormal behaviors associated with strain-induced lattice perturbations, such as the presence of compressive and tensile strains within identical nanoscale wrinkles. Afterward, we interpreted the trained model using explainable artificial intelligence techniques, uncovering synergistic contributions to the Raman features across each input dataset within the nanoscale region. Our analysis demonstrates that the model effectively reflects key strain-induced lattice behaviors, highlighting its nanoscale sensitivity to structural perturbations. Finally, we validated these findings using quantum mechanical calculations, which confirmed the strain-induced changes in Raman-active modes. This study offers comprehensive insights into nanoscale structural perturbations, paving the way for innovative approaches to high-resolution spectroscopic analysis in low-dimensional materials.
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Probing nanoscale structural perturbation in a WS2 monolayer via explainable artificial intelligence
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June 2025
Research Article|
April 16 2025
Probing nanoscale structural perturbation in a WS2 monolayer via explainable artificial intelligence
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Hyeong Chan Suh
;
Hyeong Chan Suh
(Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Jaekak Yoo
;
Jaekak Yoo
(Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Kangmo Yeo
;
Kangmo Yeo
(Data curation, Investigation, Software)
2
Samsung SDI
, 150-20 Gongse-ro, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
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Dong Hyeon Kim
;
Dong Hyeon Kim
(Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Yo Seob Won
;
Yo Seob Won
(Data curation, Resources)
3
Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University
, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Taehoon Kim
;
Taehoon Kim
(Data curation)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Youngwoo Cho
;
Youngwoo Cho
(Methodology)
4
Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ki Kang Kim
;
Ki Kang Kim
(Resources)
3
Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University
, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Seung Mi Lee
;
Seung Mi Lee
(Funding acquisition, Validation, Writing – review & editing)
5
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
, 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Heejun Yang
;
Heejun Yang
(Validation, Writing – review & editing)
6
Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Dong-Wook Kim
;
Dong-Wook Kim
(Validation, Writing – review & editing)
7
Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University
, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Mun Seok Jeong
Mun Seok Jeong
a)
(Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
Search for other works by this author on:
Hyeong Chan Suh
1
Jaekak Yoo
1
Kangmo Yeo
2
Dong Hyeon Kim
1
Yo Seob Won
3
Taehoon Kim
1
Youngwoo Cho
4
Ki Kang Kim
3
Seung Mi Lee
5
Heejun Yang
6
Dong-Wook Kim
7
Mun Seok Jeong
1,a)
1
Department of Physics, Hanyang University
, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
2
Samsung SDI
, 150-20 Gongse-ro, Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University
, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
4
Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
5
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
, 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
7
Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University
, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
Appl. Phys. Rev. 12, 021406 (2025)
Article history
Received:
November 15 2024
Accepted:
April 01 2025
Citation
Hyeong Chan Suh, Jaekak Yoo, Kangmo Yeo, Dong Hyeon Kim, Yo Seob Won, Taehoon Kim, Youngwoo Cho, Ki Kang Kim, Seung Mi Lee, Heejun Yang, Dong-Wook Kim, Mun Seok Jeong; Probing nanoscale structural perturbation in a WS2 monolayer via explainable artificial intelligence. Appl. Phys. Rev. 1 June 2025; 12 (2): 021406. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0249177
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