We report on a simple method to fabricate high-frequency nanotube mechanical resonators reproducibly. We measure resonance frequencies as high as 4.2 GHz for the fundamental eigenmode and 11 GHz for higher order eigenmodes. The high-frequency resonances are achieved using short suspended nanotubes and by introducing tensile stress in the nanotube. These devices allow us to determine the coefficient of the thermal expansion of an individual nanotube, which is negative and is about 1/K at room temperature. High-frequency resonators made of nanotubes hold promise for mass sensing and experiments in the quantum limit.
REFERENCES
1.
Y. T.
Yang
, C.
Callegari
, X. L.
Feng
, K. L.
Ekinci
, and M. L.
Roukes
, Nano Lett.
6
, 583
(2006
).2.
B.
Lassagne
, D.
Garcia-Sanchez
, A.
Aguasca
, and A.
Bachtold
, Nano Lett.
8
, 3735
(2008
).3.
H.-Y.
Chiu
, P.
Hung
, H. W.
Ch. Postma
, and M.
Bockrath
, Nano Lett.
8
, 4342
(2008
).4.
K.
Jensen
, K.
Kim
, and A.
Zettl
, Nat. Nanotechnol.
3
, 533
(2008
).5.
Z.
Wang
, J.
Wei
, P.
Morse
, J. G.
Dash
, O. E.
Vilches
, and D. H.
Cobden
, Science
327
, 552
(2010
).6.
H. J.
Mamin
and D.
Rugar
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
79
, 3358
(2001
).7.
J. D.
Teufel
, T.
Donner
, M. A.
Castellanos-Beltran
, J. W.
Harlow
, and K. W.
Lehnert
, Nat. Nanotechnol.
4
, 820
(2009
).8.
A.
Eichler
, J.
Moser
, J.
Chaste
, M.
Zdrojek
, I.
Wilson-Rae
, and A.
Bachtold
, Nat. Nanotechnol.
6
, 339
(2011
).9.
T.
Rocheleau
, T.
Ndukum
, C.
Macklin
, J. B.
Hertzberg
, A. A.
Clerk
, and K. C.
Schwab
, Nature
463
, 72
(2009
).10.
A. D.
O’Connell
, M.
Hofheinz
, M.
Ansmann
, R. C.
Bialczak
, M.
Lenander
, E.
Lucero
, M.
Neeley
, D.
Sank
, H.
Wang
, M.
Weides
, J.
Wenner
, J. M.
Martinis
, and A. N.
Cleland
, Nature
464
, 697
(2010
).11.
J. D.
Teufel
, T.
Donner
, D.
Li
, J. W.
Harlow
, M. S.
Allman
, K.
Cicak
, A. J.
Sirois
, J. D.
Whittaker
, K. W.
Lehnert
, and R. W.
Simmonds
, Nature
475
, 359
(2011
).12.
X. M. H.
Huang
, C. A.
Zorman
, M.
Mehregany
, and M. L.
Roukes
, Nature
421
, 496
(2003
).13.
N.
Liu
, F.
Giesen
, M.
Belov
, J.
Losby
, J.
Moroz
, A. E.
Fraser
, G.
McKinnon
, T. J.
Clement
, V.
Sauer
, W. K.
Hiebert
, and M. R.
Freeman
, Nat. Nanotechnol.
3
, 715
(2008
).14.
V.
Sazonova
, Y.
Yaish
, H.
Üstünel
, D.
Roundy
, T. A.
Arias
, and P. L.
McEuen
, Nature
431
, 284
(2004
).15.
A. K.
Hüttel
, G. A.
Steele
, B.
Witkamp
, M.
Poot
, L. P.
Kouwenhoven
, and H. S. J.
van der Zant
, Nano Lett.
9
, 2547
(2009
).16.
B.
Lassagne
, Y.
Tarakanov
, J.
Kinaret
, D.
Garcia-Sanchez
, and A.
Bachtold
, Science
325
, 1107
(2009
).17.
G. A.
Steele
, A. K.
Hüttel
, B.
Witkamp
, M.
Poot
, H. B.
Meerwaldt
, L. P.
Kouwenhoven
, and H. S. J.
van der Zant
, Science
325
, 1103
(2009
).18.
V.
Gouttenoire
, T.
Barois
, S.
Perisanu
, J.-L.
Leclercq
, S. T.
Purcell
, P.
Vincent
, and A.
Ayari
, Small
6
, 1060
(2010
).19.
C. C.
Wu
and Z.
Zhong
, Nano Lett.
11
, 1448
(2011
).20.
A.
Eichler
, J.
Chaste
, J.
Moser
, and A.
Bachtold
, Nano Lett.
11
, 2699
(2011
).21.
S.
Sapmaz
, P.
Jarillo-Herrero
, Y. M.
Blanter
, C.
Dekker
, and H. S. J.
van der Zant
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
96
, 026801
(2006
).22.
J. F. C.
Nix
and D.
MacNair
, Phys. Rev.
60
, 597
(1940
).23.
K. G.
Lyon
, G. L.
Salinger
, C. S.
Swenson
, and G. K.
White
, J. Appl. Phys.
48
, 865
(1977
).24.
W.
Bao
, F.
Miao
, Z.
Chen
, H.
Zhang
, W.
Jang
, C.
Dames
, and C. N.
Lau
, Nat. Nanotechnol.
4
, 562
(2009
).25.
V.
Singh
, S.
Sengupta
, H. S.
Solanki
, R.
Dhall
, A.
Allain
, S.
Dhara
, P.
Pant
, and M.
Deshmukh
, Nanotechnology
21
, 165204
(2010
).26.
Y. K.
Kwon
, S.
Berber
, and D.
Tománek
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
92
, 015901
(2004
).27.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663630 for the gate voltage dependence of the resonance frequency for the nanotube under tensile stress and the nanotube with slack in Fig. 3(a).
28.
I.
Wilson-Rae
, private communication (2010
).© 2011 American Institute of Physics.
2011
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.