The relationship between hardness , reduced modulus , unloading work , and total work of indentation is examined in detail experimentally and theoretically. Experimental study verifies the approximate linear relationship. Theoretical analysis confirms it. Furthermore, the solutions to the conical indentation in elastic-perfectly plastic solid, including elastic work , , , and are obtained using Johnson’s expanding cavity model and Lamé solution. Consequently, it is found that the should be distinguished from , rather than their equivalence as suggested in ISO14577, and depends mainly on the conical angle, which are also verified with numerical simulations.
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