Doped alkaline–bismuth–titanate perovskite single crystals have been grown in ferroelectric phases with high piezoelectric actuation. Rhombohedral-phase crystals exhibit up to 0.25% free strain with low hysteresis along the cubic 〈001〉 direction Tetragonal phase crystals exhibit free strains as high as 0.85% with greater hysteresis characteristic of domain switching; low field exceeds 500 pC/N. Strain energy densities exceed those of optimized polycrystalline lead perovskites, and actuation capability is retained at compressive stresses >100 MPa.
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1998
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