Integrating second order nonlinear ( ) optical materials on chip is an ongoing challenge for Si photonics. Noncentrosymmetric molecular crystals have the potential to deliver high nonlinearity with good thermal stability, but so far have been limited to growth from solution or the melt, which are both difficult to control and scale up in manufacturing. Here, we show that large (>100 μm) single crystal domains of the nonlinear molecule 2-[3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene] malononitrile (OH1) can be grown monolithically on either glass or Si via vacuum evaporation, followed by a short thermal annealing step. The crystallites are tens of nanometer thick and exhibit strong second harmonic generation with their primary tensor component lying predominantly in plane. Remarkably, we find that a single domain can grow uninterrupted through nearby channels etched on a Si wafer, which may provide a path to integrate OH1 on Si or Si3N4 waveguides for a broad range of -based photonic integrated circuit functionality.
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15 July 2024
Research Article|
July 15 2024
Vacuum deposition of nonlinear organic single crystal films on silicon
Nina Krainova
;
Nina Krainova
(Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Holly M. Johnson
;
Holly M. Johnson
(Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Raju Lampande
;
Raju Lampande
(Data curation)
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Siyu Gao
;
Siyu Gao
(Data curation, Writing – review & editing)
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Noa Marom
;
Noa Marom
(Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
5
Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
6
Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Barry P. Rand
;
Barry P. Rand
(Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
7
Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University
, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Noel C. Giebink
Noel C. Giebink
a)
(Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
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a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
Appl. Phys. Lett. 125, 031104 (2024)
Article history
Received:
March 10 2024
Accepted:
July 01 2024
Citation
Nina Krainova, Holly M. Johnson, Raju Lampande, Siyu Gao, Noa Marom, Barry P. Rand, Noel C. Giebink; Vacuum deposition of nonlinear organic single crystal films on silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 15 July 2024; 125 (3): 031104. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207675
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