Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) feature high-power coherent lasing over a large area, which are potentially suitable for various applications requiring narrow spectral linewidths. In this paper, we experimentally and theoretically investigate intrinsic spectral linewidths of PCSELs. We first measure the frequency noise spectra of a fabricated PCSEL with a 250-μm lasing diameter and realize single-mode lasing with an intrinsic spectral linewidth below 70 kHz. To investigate the feasibility of narrower spectral linewidths in PCSELs, we next perform the theoretical analysis of intrinsic spectral linewidths of PCSELs by a time-dependent three-dimensional coupled-wave analysis considering carrier–photon interactions as well as thermal effects. We reveal that intrinsic spectral linewidths below 1 kHz can be obtained with a 500-μm-diameter PCSEL by reducing the cavity loss and by compensating the temperature-induced band-edge-frequency distribution.

1.
D.
Uttam
and
B.
Culshaw
,
J. Lightwave Technol.
3
,
971
(
1985
).
2.
A.
Martin
,
D.
Dodane
,
L.
Leviandier
,
D.
Dolfi
,
A.
Naughton
,
P.
O'Brien
,
T.
Spuessens
,
R.
Baets
,
G.
Lepage
,
P.
Verheyen
,
P.
De Heyn
,
P.
Absil
,
P.
Feneyrou
, and
J.
Bourderionnet
,
J. Lightwave Technol.
36
,
4640
(
2018
).
3.
J.
Riemensberger
,
A.
Lukashchuk
,
M.
Karpov
,
W.
Weng
,
E.
Lucas
,
J.
Liu
, and
T. J.
Kippenberg
,
Nature
581
,
164
(
2020
).
4.
L.
Kazovsky
,
J. Lightwave Technol.
4
,
415
(
1986
).
5.
H.
Guan
,
A.
Novack
,
T.
Galfsky
,
Y.
Ma
,
S.
Fathololoumi
,
A.
Horth
,
T. N.
Huynh
,
J.
Roman
,
R.
Shi
,
M.
Caverley
,
Y.
Liu
,
T.
Baehr-Jones
,
K.
Bergman
, and
M.
Hochberg
,
Opt. Express
26
,
7920
(
2018
).
6.
C. H.
Henry
,
IEEE. J. Quant. Electron.
18
,
259
(
1982
).
7.
C. T.
Santis
,
S. T.
Steger
,
Y.
Vilenchik
,
A.
Vasilyev
, and
A.
Yariv
,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
111
,
2879
(
2014
).
8.
M.
Okai
,
M.
Suzuki
, and
T.
Taniwatari
,
Electron. Lett.
29
,
1696
(
1993
).
9.
B.
Dahmani
,
L.
Hollberg
, and
R.
Drullinger
,
Opt. Lett.
12
,
876
(
1987
).
10.
D.
Huang
,
M. A.
Tran
,
J.
Guo
,
J.
Peters
,
T.
Komljenovic
,
A.
Malik
,
P. A.
Morton
, and
J. E.
Bowers
,
Optica
6
,
745
(
2019
).
11.
W.
Jin
,
Q. F.
Yang
,
L.
Chang
,
B.
Shen
,
H.
Wang
,
M. A.
Leal
,
L.
Wu
,
M.
Gao
,
A.
Feshali
,
M.
Paniccia
,
K. L.
Vahala
, and
J. E.
Bowers
,
Nat. Photonics.
15
,
346
(
2021
).
12.
M.
Imada
,
S.
Noda
,
A.
Chutinan
,
T.
Tokuda
,
M.
Murata
, and
G.
Sasaki
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
75
,
316
(
1999
).
13.
S.
Riechel
,
C.
Kallinger
,
U.
Lemmer
,
J.
Feldmann
,
A.
Gombert
,
V.
Wittwer
, and
U.
Scherf
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
77
,
2310
(
2000
).
14.
K.
Hirose
,
Y.
Liang
,
Y.
Kurosaka
,
A.
Watanabe
,
T.
Sugiyama
, and
S.
Noda
,
Nat. Photonics
8
,
406
(
2014
).
15.
M.
Yoshida
,
M. D.
Zoysa
,
K.
Ishizaki
,
Y.
Tanaka
,
M.
Kawasaki
,
R.
Hatsuda
,
B. S.
Song
,
J.
Gelleta
, and
S.
Noda
,
Nat. Mater.
18
,
121
(
2019
).
16.
Z.
Wang
,
Y.
Liang
,
B.
Meng
,
Y.-T.
Sun
,
G.
Omanakuttan
,
E.
Gini
,
M.
Beck
,
I.
Sergachev
,
S.
Lourdudoss
,
J.
Faist
, and
G.
Scalari
,
Opt. Express
27
,
22708
(
2019
).
17.
M.
Yoshida
,
M.
De Zoysa
,
K.
Ishizaki
,
W.
Kunishi
,
T.
Inoue
,
K.
Izumi
,
R.
Hatsuda
, and
S.
Noda
,
J. Phys. Photonics
3
,
022006
(
2021
).
18.
R.
Morita
,
T.
Inoue
,
M.
De Zoysa
,
K.
Ishizaki
, and
S.
Noda
,
Nat. Photonics
15
,
311
(
2021
).
19.
T.
Inoue
,
M.
Yoshida
,
J.
Gelleta
,
K.
Izumi
,
K.
Yoshida
,
K.
Ishizaki
,
M.
De Zoysa
, and
S.
Noda
,
Nat. Commun.
13
,
3262
(
2022
).
20.
T.
Inoue
,
R.
Morita
,
M.
Yoshida
,
M.
De Zoysa
,
Y.
Tanaka
, and
S.
Noda
,
Phys. Rev. B
99
,
035308
(
2019
).
21.
S.
Katsuno
,
T.
Inoue
,
M.
Yoshida
,
M.
De Zoysa
,
K.
Ishizaki
, and
S.
Noda
,
Opt. Express
29
,
25118
(
2021
).
23.
K.
Kikuchi
,
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
25
,
684
(
1989
).
24.
N.
Schunk
and
K.
Petermann
,
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
22
,
642
(
1986
).
25.
C. H.
Henry
,
J. Lightwave Technol.
4
,
298
(
1986
).
26.
Y.
Liang
,
C.
Peng
,
K.
Sakai
,
S.
Iwahashi
, and
S.
Noda
,
Phys. Rev. B
84
,
195119
(
2011
).
27.
K.
Vahara
,
L. C.
Chiu
,
S.
Margalit
, and
A.
Yariv
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
42
,
631
(
1983
).
28.
S. L.
Chuang
,
Physics of Photonics Devices
, 2nd ed. (
Wiley
,
2009
).
You do not currently have access to this content.