Finless porpoises have evolved to equip a unique sound reception system composed of acoustic structures with gradient sound speed and density to achieve sound reception. Through numerical simulations and experiments, we demonstrated that this reception feat can be accomplished through physical implementation. Using the effective medium theory, we built respective composites to form an artificial bioinspired receptor to mimic the sound reception system of porpoise. This paper introduces an alternate aspect to bridge the gap between natural biosonar and artificial construction, shedding lights on inspiring additional advanced sound reception designs and systems.

1.
Accomando
,
A. W.
,
Mulsow
,
J.
,
Branstetter
,
B. K.
,
Schlundt
,
C. E.
, and
Finneran
,
J. J.
, “
Directional hearing sensitivity for 2–30 kHz sounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
144
(
3
),
1741
1741
(
2018
).
2.
Aroyan
,
J. L.
,
Cranford
,
T. W.
,
Kent
,
J.
, and
Norris
,
K. S.
, “
Computer modeling of acoustic beam formation in Delphinus delphis
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
(
5
),
2539
2545
(
1992
).
3.
Au
,
W. W. L.
and
Moore
,
P.
, “
Receiving beam patterns and directivity indices of the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
75
,
255
262
(
1984
).
4.
Au
,
W. W. L.
,
The Sonar of Dolphins
(
Springer-Verlag
,
New York
,
1993
).
5.
Au
,
W. W. L.
and
Banks
,
K.
, “
The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
103
,
41
47
(
1998
).
6.
Berryman
,
J. G.
, “
Long-wavelength propagation in composite elastic media II. Ellipsoidal inclusions
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
68
(
6
),
1820
1831
(
1980
).
7.
Brekhovskikh
,
L. M.
and
Lysanov
,
Y.
,
Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics
(
Springer
,
New York
,
2003
).
8.
Bruneau
,
M.
,
Fundamentals of Acoustics
(
John Wiley & Sons
,
2013
).
9.
Cranford
,
T. W.
,
Amundin
,
M.
, and
Norris
,
K. S.
, “
Functional morphology and homology in the odontocete nasal complex: Implications for sound generation
,”
J. Morphol.
228
(
3
),
223
285
(
1996
).
10.
Cranford
,
T. W.
,
McKenna
,
M. F.
,
Soldevilla
,
M. S.
,
Wiggins
,
S. M.
,
Goldbogen
,
J. A.
,
Shadwick
,
R. E.
,
Krysl
,
P.
,
St Leger
,
J. A.
, and
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
, “
Anatomic geometry of sound transmission and reception in Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
,”
Anat. Rec.
291
,
353
378
(
2008
).
11.
Cranford
,
T. W.
,
Trijoulet
,
V.
,
Smith
,
C. R.
, and
Krysl
,
P.
, “
Validation of a vibroacoustic finite element model using bottlenose dolphin simulations: The dolphin biosonar beam is focused in stages
,”
Bioacoustics
23
(
2
),
161
194
(
2014
).
12.
Dible
,
S. A.
,
Flint
,
J. A.
, and
Lepper
,
P. A.
, “
On the role of periodic structures in the lower jaw of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
,”
Bioinspiration Biomimetics
4
(
1
),
015005
(
2009
).
13.
Dobbins
,
P.
, “
Dolphin sonar—modelling a new receiver concept
,”
Bioinspiration Biomimetics
2
(
1
),
19
(
2007
).
14.
Dong
,
E. Q.
,
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Mosanenzadeh
,
S. G.
,
He
,
Q.
,
Zhao
,
X. H.
, and
Fang
,
N. X.
, “
Bioinspired metagel with broadband tunable impedance matching
,”
Sci. Adv.
6
,
eabb3641
(
2020
).
15.
Dubois
,
M.
,
Shi
,
C.
,
Zhu
,
X.
,
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Zhang
,
X.
, “
Observation of acoustic Dirac-like cone and double zero refractive index
,”
Nat. Commun.
8
,
14871
(
2017
).
16.
Fang
,
N.
,
Xi
,
D.
,
Xu
,
J.
,
Ambati
,
M.
,
Srituravanich
,
W.
,
Sun
,
C.
, and
Zhang
,
X.
, “
Ultrasonic metamaterials with negative modulus
,”
Nat. Mater.
5
,
452
456
(
2006
).
17.
Fay
,
R.
, “
Soundscapes and the sense of hearing of fishes
,”
Integr. Zool.
4
,
26
32
(
2009
).
18.
Houser
,
D. S.
,
Gomez-Rubio
,
A.
, and
Finneran
,
J. J.
, “
Evoked potential audiometry of 13 Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncates gilli)
,”
Mar. Mammal Sci.
24
,
28
41
(
2008
).
19.
Kastelein
,
R. A.
,
Janssen
,
M.
,
Verboom
,
W. C.
, and
Haan
,
D. D.
, “
Receiving beam patterns in the horizontal plane of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
118
,
1172
1179
(
2005
).
20.
Kinsler
,
L. E.
,
Frey
,
A. R.
,
Coppens
,
A. B.
, and
Sanders
,
J. V.
,
Fundamentals of Acoustics
(
Wiley
,
1999
), p.
560
.
21.
Li
,
Z.
,
Yang
,
D. Q.
,
Liu
,
S. L.
,
Yu
,
S. Y.
,
Lu
,
M. H.
,
Zhu
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
S. T.
,
Zhu
,
M. W.
,
Guo
,
X. S.
,
Wu
,
H. D.
,
Wang
,
X. L.
, and
Chen
,
Y. F.
, “
Broadband gradient impedance matching using an acoustic metamaterial for ultrasonic transducers
,”
Sci. Rep.
7
,
42863
(
2017
).
22.
Mooney
,
T. A.
,
Nachtigall
,
P. E.
,
Castellote
,
M.
,
Taylor
,
K. A.
,
Pacini
,
A. F.
, and
Esteban
,
J. A.
, “
Hearing pathways and directional sensitivity of the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas
,”
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
362
,
108
116
(
2008
).
23.
Mooney
,
T. A.
,
Li
,
S. H.
,
Ketten
,
D. R.
,
Wang
,
K. X.
, and
Wang
,
D.
, “
Hearing pathways in the Yangtze finless porpoise, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis
,”
J. Exp. Biol.
217
,
444
452
(
2014
).
24.
Norris
,
K. S.
, “
Some problems of echolocation
,” in
Cetaceans Marine Bioacoustics
edited by
W. N.
Tavolga
(
Pergamon
,
New York
,
1964
), pp.
316
336
.
25.
Norris
,
K. S.
, “
The evolution of acoustic mechanisms in Odontocete Cetaceans
,” in
Evolution and Environment
, edited by
E. T.
Drake
(
Yale University Press
,
New Haven, CT
,
1968
), pp.
297
324
.
26.
Pendergraft
,
K.
and
Pieper
,
R.
, “
An exact solution for a reflection coefficient in a medium having an exponential impedance profile
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
94
,
580
582
(
1993
).
27.
Popper
,
A. N.
and
Schilt
,
C. R.
, “
Hearing and acoustic behavior: Basic and applied considerations
,” in
Fish Bioacoustics
, edited by
J.
Webb
,
R. R.
Fay
, and
A. N.
Popper
(
Springer
,
New York
,
2008
).
28.
Popov
,
V. V.
and
Supin
,
A. Y.
, “
Comparison of directional selectivity of hearing in a beluga whale and a bottlenose dolphin
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
126
,
1581
1587
(
2009
).
29.
Popov
,
V. V.
,
Supin
,
A. Y.
,
Nechaev
,
D. I.
,
Lemazina
,
A. A.
, and
Sysueva
,
E. V.
, “
Position of an acoustic window in a beluga whale: Computation based on auditory evoked potential latencies
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
145
(
6
),
3578
3585
(
2019
).
30.
Rose
,
J. L.
,
Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media
(
Cambridge University Press
,
2004
).
31.
Salas
,
A. K.
,
Wilson
,
P. S.
, and
Fuiman
,
L. A.
, “
Ontogenetic change in predicted acoustic pressure sensitivity in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)
,”
J. Exp. Biol.
222
,
jeb201962
(
2019
).
32.
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Xu
,
X.
,
Dong
,
J. C.
,
Xing
,
L. R.
,
Zhang
,
M.
,
Liu
,
X. C.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Li
,
S. H.
, and
Berggren
,
P.
, “
Acoustic property reconstruction of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) forehead based on computed tomography imaging
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
138
(
5
),
3129
3137
(
2015
).
33.
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Mooney
,
T. A.
,
Wang
,
X. Y.
,
Smith
,
A. B.
, and
Xu
,
X. H.
, “
Investigation on acoustic reception pathways in finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis sunameri) with insight into an alternative pathway
,”
Bioinspiration Biomimetics
14
,
016004
(
2018
).
34.
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Ou
,
W. Z.
,
Dong
,
E. Q.
,
Zhang
,
J. H.
,
Xie
,
Q. C.
,
Zhang
,
C.
,
Bai
,
M. D.
,
Mooney
,
T. A.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, “
Physical implementation of dolphin biosonar to facilitate ultrasound control
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
117
,
173701
(
2020
).
35.
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Zhang
,
J. H.
,
Ou
,
W. Z.
,
Zhang
,
C.
,
Dong
,
L. J.
,
Dong
,
J. C.
,
Li
,
S. H.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, “
Numerical-modeling-based investigation of sound transmission and reception in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
150
(
1
),
225
232
(
2021
).
36.
Strahan
,
M. G.
,
Finneran
,
J. J.
,
Mulsow
,
J.
, and
Houser
,
D. S.
, “
Effects of dolphin hearing bandwidth on biosonar click emissions
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
148
(
1
),
243
252
(
2020
).
37.
Sun
,
J. Y.
,
Zhao
,
X.
,
Illeperuma
,
W. R. K.
,
Chaudhuri
,
O.
,
Oh
,
K. H.
,
Mooney
,
D. J.
,
Vlassak
,
J. J.
, and
Suo
,
Z.
, “
Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels
,”
Nature
489
,
133
136
(
2012
).
38.
Torrent
,
D.
and
Sánchez-Dehesa
,
J.
, “
Effective parameters of clusters of cylinders embedded in a nonviscous fluid or gas
,”
Phys. Rev. B
74
,
224305
(
2006
).
39.
Varanasi
,
U.
and
Malins
,
D. C.
, “
Triacylglycerols characteristics of porpoise acoustic tissues: Molecular structures of diisovaleroyl glycerides
,”
Science
176
,
926
928
(
1972
).
40.
Walker
,
L. R.
and
Wax
,
N. J.
, “
Non-uniform transmission lines and reflection coefficients
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
17
,
1043
1045
(
1946
).
41.
Wei
,
C.
,
Au
,
W. W. L.
,
Ketten
,
D. R.
,
Song
,
Z. C.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, “
Biosonar signal propagation in the harbor porpoise's (Phocoena phocoena) head: The role of various structures in the formation of the vertical beam
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
141
(
6
),
4179
4187
(
2017
).
42.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Gao
,
X. W.
,
Zhang
,
S.
,
Cao
,
W. W.
,
Tang
,
L. G.
,
Wang
,
D.
, and
Li
,
Y.
, “
A biomimetic projector with high subwavelength directivity based on dolphin biosonar
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
105
,
123502
(
2014
).
43.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Song
,
Z. C.
,
Wang
,
X. Y.
,
Cao
,
W. W.
, and
Au
,
W. W. L.
, “
Directional acoustic wave manipulation by a porpoise via multiphase forehead structure
,”
Phys. Rev. Appl.
8
,
064002
(
2017
).
You do not currently have access to this content.