Phosphor thermometry has been successfully applied within several challenging environments. Typically, the thermographic phosphors are excited by an ultraviolet light source, and the temperature-dependent spectral or temporal response is measured. However, this is challenging or impossible in optically thick environments. In addition, emission from other sources (e.g., a flame) may interfere with the optical phosphor emission. A temperature dependent x-ray excitation/emission could alleviate these issues as x-rays could penetrate obscurants with no interference from flame luminosity. In addition, x-ray emission could allow for thermometry within solids while simultaneously x-ray imaging the structural evolution. In this study, select thermographic phosphors were excited via x-ray radiation, and their x-ray emission characteristics were measured at various temperatures. Several of the phosphors showed varying levels of temperature dependence with the strongest sensitivity occurring for YAG:Dy and ZnGa2O4:Mn. This approach opens a path for less intrusive temperature measurements, particularly in optically opaque multiphase and solid phase combustion environments.
References
1.
A. D.
Casey
, Z. A.
Roberts
, A.
Satija
, R. P.
Lucht
, T. R.
Meyer
, and S. F.
Son
, “Dynamic imaging of the temperature field within an energetic composite using phosphor thermography
,” Appl. Opt.
58
, 4320
–4325
(2019
).2.
J.
Brübach
, C.
Pflitsch
, A.
Dreizler
, and B.
Atakan
, “On surface temperature measurements with thermographic phosphors: A review
,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci
39
, 37
–60
(2013
).3.
M.
Aldén
, A.
Omrane
, M.
Richter
, and G.
Särner
, “Thermographic phosphors for thermometry: A survey of combustion applications
,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
37
, 422
–461
(2011
).4.
G.
Särner
, M.
Richter
, and M.
Aldén
, “Investigations of blue emitting phosphors for thermometry
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
19
, 125304
(2008
).5.
A. H.
Khalid
and K.
Kontis
, “Thermographic phosphors for high temperature measurements: Principles, current state of the art and recent applications
,” Sensors
8
, 5673
–5744
(2008
).6.
A.
Omrane
, F.
Ossler
, and M.
Aldén
, “Two-dimensional surface temperature measurements of burning materials
,” Proc. Combust. Inst.
29
, 2653
–2659
(2002
).7.
A. H.
Khalid
and K.
Kontis
, “2D surface thermal imaging using rise-time analysis from laser-induced luminescence phosphor thermometry
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
20
, 025305
(2009
).8.
T.
Cai
, Y.
Park
, S.
Mohammadshahi
, and K. C.
Kim
, “Rise time-based phosphor thermometry using Mg4FGeO6:Mn4
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
32
, 015201
(2021
).9.
S. W.
Allison
, D. L.
Beshears
, M. R.
Cates
, M.
Paranthaman
, and G. T.
Gilles
, “LED-induced fluorescence diagnostics for turbine and combustion engine thermometry
,” Opt. Diagnostics Fluids, Solids, Combust.
4448
, 28
–35
(2001
).10.
L. P.
Goss
, A. A.
Smith
, and M. E.
Post
, “Surface thermometry by laser‐induced fluorescence
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
60
, 3702
–3706
(1989
).11.
A. L.
Heyes
, S.
Seefeldt
, and J. P.
Feist
, “Two-colour phosphor thermometry for surface temperature measurement
,” Opt. Laser Technol.
38
, 257
–265
(2006
).12.
T.
Husberg
, S.
Gjirja
, I.
Denbratt
, A.
Omrane
, M.
Aldén
, and J.
Engström
, “Piston temperature measurement by use of thermographic phosphors and thermocouples in a heavy-duty diesel engine run under partly premixed conditions
,” in SAE Technical Paper (2005
).13.
J. T.
Kashdan
, B.
Thirouard
, S.
Sae
, I.
Journal
, J. T.
Kashdan
, and B.
Thirouard
, “A comparison of combustion and emissions behaviour in optical and metal single-cylinder diesel engines
,” SAE Int. J. Engines
2
, 1857
–1872
(2009
).14.
T.
Aizawa
and H.
Kosaka
, “Laser-induced phosphorescence thermography of combustion chamber wall of diesel engine
,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
1
, 549
–558
(2008
).15.
K. W.
Tobin
, S. W.
Allison
, M. R.
Gates
, G. J.
Capps
, D. L.
Beshears
, M.
Cyr
, and B. W.
Noel
, “High-temperature phosphor thermometry of rotating turbine blades
,” AIAA J.
28
, 1485
–1490
(1990
).16.
P.
Nau
, Z.
Yin
, O.
Lammel
, and W.
Meier
, “Wall temperature measurements in gas turbine combustors with thermographic phosphors
,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
141
, 041021
(2019
).17.
J. P.
Feist
, a. L.
Heyes
, and S.
Seefelt
, “Thermographic phosphor thermometry for film cooling studies in gas turbine combustors
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A
217
, 193
–200
(2003
).18.
J. P.
Feist
, A. L.
Heyes
, and S.
Seefeldt
, “Thermographic phosphors for gas turbines: instrumentation development and measurement uncertainties
,” in 11th International Symposium on Application of Laser Technique to Fluid Mechanics
(2002
).19.
M.
Lawrence
, H.
Zhao
, and L.
Ganippa
, “Gas phase thermometry of hot turbulent jets using laser induced phosphorescence
,” Opt. Express
21
, 12260
–12281
(2013
).20.
J. P. J.
Van Lipzig
, M.
Yu
, N. J.
Dam
, C. C. M.
Luijten
, and L. P. H.
De Goey
, “Gas-phase thermometry in a high-pressure cell using BaMgAl10O17:Eu as a thermographic phosphor
,” Appl. Phys. B
111
, 469
–481
(2013
).21.
A.
Omrane
, P.
Petersson
, M.
Aldén
, and M. A.
Linne
, “Simultaneous 2D flow velocity and gas temperature measurements using thermographic phosphors
,” Appl. Phys. B
92
, 99
–102
(2008
).22.
B.
Fond
, C.
Abram
, A. L.
Heyes
, A. M.
Kempf
, and F.
Beyrau
, “Simultaneous temperature, mixture fraction and velocity imaging in turbulent flows using thermographic phosphor tracer particles
,” Opt. Express
20
, 22118
–22133
(2012
).23.
P. J.
Potts
and P. C.
Webb
, “X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
,” J. Geochem. Explor.
44
, 251
–296
(1992
).24.
R.
Jenkins
, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
, 2nd ed. (Wiley-Interscience
, New York
, 1999
).25.
F.
de Groot
and A.
Kotani
, Core Level Spectroscopy of Solids
(CRC Press
, Boca Raton, FL
, 2008
).26.
G.
Vankó
, T.
Neisius
, G.
Molnár
, F.
Renz
, S.
Kárpáti
, A.
Shukla
, and F. M. F.
De Groot
, “Probing the 3D spin momentum with x-ray emission spectroscopy: The case of molecular-spin transitions
,” J. Phys. Chem. B
110
, 11647
–11653
(2006
).27.
G.
Vankó
, J.-P.
Rueff
, A.
Mattila
, Z.
Németh
, and A.
Shukla
, “Temperature- and pressure-induced spin-state transitions in LaCoO3
,” Phys. Rev. B
73
, 24424
(2006
).28.
D. P.
Kozlenko
, N. O.
Golosova
, Z.
Jirák
, L. S.
Dubrovinsky
, B. N.
Savenko
, M. G.
Tucker
, Y. L.
Godec
, and V. P.
Glazkov
, “Temperature- and pressure-driven spin-state transitions in LaCoO3
,” Phys. Rev. B
75
, 64422
(2007
).29.
J. P.
Rueff
and A.
Shukla
, “Inelastic x-ray scattering by electronic excitations under high pressure
,” Rev. Mod. Phys.
82
, 847
–896
(2010
).30.
H. K.
Mao
, X. J.
Chen
, Y.
Ding
, B.
Li
, and L.
Wang
, “Solids, liquids, and gases under high pressure
,” Rev. Mod. Phys.
90
, 15007
(2018
).31.
A.
Mattila
, T.
Pylkkänen
, J. P.
Rueff
, S.
Huotari
, G.
Vankó
, M.
Hanfland
, M.
Lehtinen
, and K.
Hämäläinen
, “Pressure induced magnetic transition in siderite FeCO3 studied by x-ray emission spectroscopy
,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter.
19
, 386206
(2007
).32.
J.
Brübach
, A.
Dreizler
, and J.
Janicka
, “Gas compositional and pressure effects on thermographic phosphor thermometry
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
18
, 764
–770
(2007
).33.
E. R.
Westphal
, A. D.
Brown
, E. C.
Quintana
, A. L.
Kastengren
, S. F.
Son
, T. R.
Meyer
, and K. N. G.
Hoffmeister
, “Visible emission spectra of thermographic phosphors under x-ray excitation
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
32
, 094008
(2021
).34.
M. R.
Cates
, K. W.
Tobin
, and D.
Barton Smith
, “Evaluation of thermographic phosphor technology for aerodynamic model testing
,” Technical Report No. ORNL/ATD-40ON: DE91005631
(Oak Ridge National Lab
., TN
, 1990
).35.
S.
Allison
, M.
Cates
, and D.
Beshears
, “A survey of thermally sensitive phosphors for pressure sensitive paint applications
,” in Proceedings of the International Instrumentation Symposium
(IAEA
, 2000
), pp. 29
–38
.36.
C.
Abram
, B.
Fond
, and F.
Beyrau
, “High-precision flow temperature imaging using ZnO thermographic phosphor tracer particles
,” Opt. Express
23
, 19453
–19468
(2015
).37.
M.
Nikl
, “Scintillation detectors for x-rays
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
17
, R37
–R54
(2006
).38.
C. W. E.
Van Eijk
, “Inorganic scintillators for medical imaging
,” Phys. Med. Biol.
47
, R85
–R106
(2002
).39.
P. A.
Rodnyi
, Physical Processes in Inorganic Scintillators
(CRC Press
, Boca Raton, FL
, 1997
).© 2021 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2021
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
