We investigated charge states of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond single crystals. The charge states were evaluated using concentrations of both negatively charged (NV) and neutral-state (NV0) NV centers. This study specifically examines diamond crystals containing mainly neutral substitutional nitrogen (N0s), NV centers, and NV0 centers. Results show that the charged states of NV centers evaluated for this study depended on concentrations of both neutral substitutional nitrogen (N0s) and NVT centers, which is a sum of [NV] and [NV0]. The NV centers were fully negatively charged when the ratio of [NVT] to [N0s] was 1%–20% in our diamond crystals. When [NVT]/[N0s] is larger than 20%–30%, NV0 centers appeared gradually. The concentration ratio between NV centers and NV0 centers was described using an equilibrium equation.

1.
E. D.
Herbschleb
,
H.
Kato
,
Y.
Maruyama
,
T.
Danjo
,
T.
Makino
,
S.
Yamasaki
,
I.
Ohki
,
K.
Hayashi
,
H.
Morishita
,
M.
Fujiwara
, and
N.
Mizuochi
,
Nat. Commun.
10
,
3766
(
2019
).
2.
J. F.
Barry
,
J. M.
Schloss
,
E.
Bauch
,
M. J.
Turner
,
C. A.
Hart
,
L. M.
Pham
, and
R. L.
Walsworth
,
Rev. Mod. Phys.
92
,
015004
(
2020
).
3.
J. F.
Barry
,
M. J.
Turner
,
J. M.
Schloss
,
D. R.
Glenn
,
Y.
Song
,
M. D.
Lukin
,
H.
Park
, and
R. L.
Walsworth
,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
113
,
14133
(
2016
).
4.
I.
Fescenko
,
A.
Laraoui
,
J.
Smits
,
N.
Mosavian
,
P.
Kehayias
,
J.
Seto
,
L.
Bougas
,
A.
Jarmola
, and
V. M.
Acosta
,
Phys. Rev. Appl.
11
,
034029
(
2019
).
5.
H. C.
Davis
,
P.
Ramesh
,
A.
Bhatnagar
,
A.
Lee-Gosselin
,
J. F.
Barry
,
D. R.
Glenn
,
R. L.
Walsworth
, and
M. G.
Shapiro
,
Nat. Commun.
9
,
131
(
2018
).
6.
D. R.
Glenn
,
R. R.
Fu
,
P.
Kehayias
,
D. L.
Sage
,
E. A.
Lima
,
B. P.
Weiss
, and
R. L.
Walsworth
,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.
18
,
3254
(
2017
).
7.
K.
Arai
,
A.
Kuwahara
,
D.
Nishitani
,
I.
Fujisaki
,
R.
Matsuki
,
Z.
Xin
,
Y.
Nishio
,
X.
Cao
,
Y.
Hatano
,
S.
Onoda
,
C.
Shinei
,
M.
Miyakawa
,
T.
Taniguchi
,
M.
Yamazaki
,
T.
Teraji
,
T.
Ohshima
,
M.
Hatano
,
M.
Sekino
, and
T.
Iwasaki
, arXiv:2105.11676 (
2021
).
8.
C.
Zheng
,
F.
Shagieva
,
M.
Widmann
,
M.
Kubler
,
V.
Vorobyov
,
P.
Kapitanova
,
E.
Nenasheva
,
R.
Corkill
,
O.
Rhrle
,
K.
Nakamura
,
H.
Sumiya
,
S.
Onoda
,
J.
Isoya
, and
J.
Wrachtrup
,
Phys. Rev. Appl.
15
,
064075
(
2021
).
9.
V. M.
Acosta
,
E.
Bauch
,
M. P.
Ledbetter
,
C.
Santori
,
K.-M. C.
Fu
,
P. E.
Barclay
,
R. G.
Beausoleil
,
H.
Linget
,
J. F.
Roch
,
F.
Treussart
,
S.
Chemerisov
,
W.
Gawlik
, and
D.
Budker
,
Phys. Rev. B
80
,
115202
(
2009
).
10.
F. C.
Waldermann
,
P.
Olivero
,
J.
Nunn
,
K.
Surmacz
,
Z. Y.
Wang
,
D.
Jaksch
,
R. A.
Taylor
,
I. A.
Walmsley
,
M.
Draganski
,
P.
Reichart
,
A. D.
Greentree
,
D. N.
Jamieson
, and
S.
Prawer
,
Diamond Relat. Mater.
16
,
1887
(
2007
).
12.
C.
Santori
,
P. E.
Barclay
,
K.-M. C.
Fu
, and
R. G.
Beausoleil
,
Phys. Rev. B
79
,
125313
(
2009
).
13.
E.
Kim
,
V. M.
Acosta
,
E.
Bauch
,
D.
Budker
, and
P. R.
Hemmer
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
101
,
082410
(
2012
).
14.
A. T.
Collins
,
J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
14
,
3743
3750
(
2002
).
15.
A. M.
Zaitsev
,
Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook
(
Springer-Verlag
,
Berlin, Heidelberg
,
2001
).
16.
G.
Davies
and
M. F.
Hamer
,
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
348
,
285
(
1976
).
17.
S. Y.
Kilin
,
A. P.
Nizovtsev
,
T. M.
Maevskaya
,
A.
Drabenstedt
, and
J.
Wrachtrup
,
J. Lumin.
86
,
201
(
2000
).
18.
R. C.
Burns
,
V.
Cvetkovic
,
C. N.
Dodge
,
D. J. F.
Evans
,
M.-L. T.
Rooney
,
P. M.
Spear
, and
C. M.
Welbourn
,
J. Cryst. Growth
104
,
257
(
1990
).
19.
S.
Choi
,
J.
Choi
,
R.
Landig
,
G.
Kucsko
,
H.
Zhou
,
J.
Isoya
,
F.
Jelezko
,
S.
Onoda
,
H.
Sumiya
,
V.
Khemani
,
C. V.
Keyserlingk
,
N. Y.
Yao
,
E.
Demler
, and
M. D.
Lukin
,
Nature
543
,
221
225
(
2017
).
20.
K.
Groot-Berning
,
N.
Raatz
,
I.
Dobrinets
,
M.
Lesik
,
P.
Spinicelli
,
A.
Tallaire
,
J.
Achard
,
V.
Jacques
,
J.
Roch
,
A. M.
Zaitsev
,
J.
Meijer
, and
S.
Pezzagna
,
Phys. Status Solidi A
211
,
2268
(
2014
).
21.
M.
Capelli
,
A. H.
Heffernan
,
T.
Ohshima
,
H.
Abe
,
J.
Jeske
,
A.
Hope
,
A. D.
Greentree
,
P.
Reineck
, and
B. C.
Gibson
,
Carbon
143
,
714
719
(
2019
).
22.
C. B.
Hartland
, “
A study of point defects in CVD diamond using electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy
,” Ph.D. thesis (
University of Warwick
,
2014
).
23.
T.
Yamamoto
,
T.
Umeda
,
K.
Watanabe
,
S.
Onoda
,
M. L.
Markham
,
D. J.
Twitchen
,
B.
Naydenov
,
L. P.
McGuinness
,
T.
Teraji
,
S.
Koizumi
,
F.
Dolde
,
H.
Fedder
,
J.
Honert
,
J.
Wrachtrup
,
T.
Ohshma
,
F.
Jelezko
, and
J.
Isoya
,
Phys. Rev. B
88
,
075206
(
2013
).
24.
L.
Rondin
,
G.
Dantelle
,
A.
Slablab
,
F.
Grosshans
,
F.
Treussart
,
P.
Bergonzo
,
S.
Perruchas
,
T.
Gacoin
,
M.
Chaigneau
,
H.-C.
Chang
,
V.
Jacques
, and
J.-F.
Roch
,
Phys. Rev. B
82
,
115449
(
2010
).
25.
J.
Van Wyk
,
E.
Reynhardt
,
G.
High
, and
I.
Kiflawi
,
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
30
,
1790
(
1997
).
You do not currently have access to this content.