We review the current status of mode-division multiplexing (MDM) techniques in fibers and on chips. Three system applications are introduced, including quasi-single mode transmission, multicore few-mode amplifier, and fiber sensing. We also discuss the technology development trend in terms of multiple-input-multiple-output-free MDM, economics of MDM, and quantum information processing. Finally, we provide perspectives on emerging applications beyond communications by leveraging the optical properties of high order modes, e.g., nonlinear optics in the visible regime, broadband frequency comb generation, and super resolution endoscopy.
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