Understanding the relationships between the thermal conductivity and carrier density in thin films is of great importance for the thermal management of flexible thin film electronics. Here, we report a robust measurement technique to tune the carrier density in thin films and to evaluate their cross-plane thermal conductivities simultaneously. We employed the time-domain thermoreflectance method using an Au transducer and evaluated the thin film thermal conductivity in situ using electrolyte gating with an ionic gel. The robust measurement technique proposed in this study elucidated the relationships among the above-mentioned parameters in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes.
References
1.
A. L.
Briseno
, S. C.
Mannsfeld
, M. M.
Ling
, S.
Liu
, R. J.
Tseng
, C.
Reese
, M. E.
Roberts
, Y.
Yang
, F.
Wudl
, and Z.
Bao
, “Patterning organic single-crystal transistor arrays
,” Nature
444
, 913
–917
(2006
).2.
Z.
Wu
, Z.
Chen
, X.
Du
, J. M.
Logan
, J.
Sippel
, M.
Nikolou
, K.
Kamaras
, J. R.
Reynolds
, D. B.
Tanner
, A. F.
Hebard
et al., “Transparent, conductive carbon nanotube films
,” Science
305
, 1273
–1276
(2004
).3.
C. G.
Tang
, M. C.
Ang
, K.-K.
Choo
, V.
Keerthi
, J.-K.
Tan
, M. N.
Syafiqah
, T.
Kugler
, J. H.
Burroughes
, R.-Q.
Png
, L.-L.
Chua
et al., “Doped polymer semiconductors with ultrahigh and ultralow work functions for ohmic contacts
,” Nature
539
, 536
–540
(2016
).4.
S.
Ghosh
, A.
Sood
, and N.
Kumar
, “Carbon nanotube flow sensors
,” Science
299
, 1042
–1044
(2003
).5.
T.
Sekitani
, T.
Yokota
, U.
Zschieschang
, H.
Klauk
, S.
Bauer
, K.
Takeuchi
, M.
Takamiya
, T.
Sakurai
, and T.
Someya
, “Organic nonvolatile memory transistors for flexible sensor arrays
,” Science
326
, 1516
–1519
(2009
).6.
L.
Meng
, Y.
Zhang
, X.
Wan
, C.
Li
, X.
Zhang
, Y.
Wang
, X.
Ke
, Z.
Xiao
, L.
Ding
, R.
Xia
et al., “Organic and solution-processed tandem solar cells with 17.3% efficiency
,” Science
361
, 1094
–1098
(2018
).7.
O.
Bubnova
, Z. U.
Khan
, A.
Malti
, S.
Braun
, M.
Fahlman
, M.
Berggren
, and X.
Crispin
, “Optimization of the thermoelectric figure of merit in the conducting polymer poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
,” Nat. Mater.
10
, 429
–433
(2011
).8.
S.
Huang
, Y.
Liu
, Y.
Zhao
, Z.
Ren
, and C. F.
Guo
, “Flexible electronics: Stretchable electrodes and their future
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
29
, 1805924
(2019
).9.
S. R.
Forrest
, “The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic
,” Nature
428
, 911
–918
(2004
).10.
A. L.
Moore
and L.
Shi
, “Emerging challenges and materials for thermal management of electronics
,” Mater. Today
17
, 163
–174
(2014
).11.
H. H.
Choi
, K.
Cho
, C. D.
Frisbie
, H.
Sirringhaus
, and V.
Podzorov
, “Critical assessment of charge mobility extraction in FETs
,” Nat. Mater.
17
, 2
(2018
).12.
K.
Nakano
, Y.
Chen
, and K.
Tajima
, “Quantifying charge carrier density in organic solar cells by differential charging techniques
,” AIP Adv.
9
, 125205
(2019
).13.
Y.
Ichinose
, A.
Yoshida
, K.
Horiuchi
, K.
Fukuhara
, N.
Komatsu
, W.
Gao
, Y.
Yomogida
, M.
Matsubara
, T.
Yamamoto
, J.
Kono
et al., “Solving the thermoelectric trade-off problem with metallic carbon nanotubes
,” Nano Lett.
19
, 7370
–7376
(2019
).14.
K.
Kanahashi
, M.
Ishihara
, M.
Hasegawa
, H.
Ohta
, and T.
Takenobu
, “Giant power factors in p-and n-type large-area graphene films on a flexible plastic substrate
,” npj 2D Mater. Appl.
3
, 1
–6
(2019
).15.
J. H.
Cho
, J.
Lee
, Y.
Xia
, B.
Kim
, Y.
He
, M. J.
Renn
, T. P.
Lodge
, and C. D.
Frisbie
, “Printable ion-gel gate dielectrics for low-voltage polymer thin-film transistors on plastic
,” Nat. Mater.
7
, 900
–906
(2008
).16.
S. H.
Kim
, K.
Hong
, W.
Xie
, K. H.
Lee
, S.
Zhang
, T. P.
Lodge
, and C. D.
Frisbie
, “Electrolyte-gated transistors for organic and printed electronics
,” Adv. Mater.
25
, 1822
–1846
(2013
).17.
A.
Sood
, F.
Xiong
, S.
Chen
, H.
Wang
, D.
Selli
, J.
Zhang
, C. J.
McClellan
, J.
Sun
, D.
Donadio
, Y.
Cui
et al., “An electrochemical thermal transistor
,” Nat. Commun.
9
, 1
–9
(2018
).18.
J.
Cho
, M. D.
Losego
, H. G.
Zhang
, H.
Kim
, J.
Zuo
, I.
Petrov
, D. G.
Cahill
, and P. V.
Braun
, “Electrochemically tunable thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide
,” Nat. Commun.
5
, 1
–6
(2014
).19.
C. A.
Paddock
and G. L.
Eesley
, “Transient thermoreflectance from thin metal films
,” J. Appl. Phys.
60
, 285
–290
(1986
).20.
Q.
Lu
, S.
Huberman
, H.
Zhang
, Q.
Song
, J.
Wang
, G.
Vardar
, A.
Hunt
, I.
Waluyo
, G.
Chen
, and B.
Yildiz
, “Bi-directional tuning of thermal transport in with electrochemically induced phase transitions
,” Nat. Mater.
19
, 655
–662
(2020
).21.
K.
Ueji
, Y.
Matsuoka
, H.
Matsuo
, Y.
Yomogida
, K.
Nomoto
, K.
Miyamura
, T.
Yagi
, and K.
Yanagi
, “Thermophysical properties of a single-wall carbon nanotube thin film on Au electrodes evaluated by a time-domain thermoreflectance method
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
58
, 128006
(2019
).22.
C.
Rutherglen
, A. A.
Kane
, P. F.
Marsh
, T. A.
Cain
, B. I.
Hassan
, M. R.
AlShareef
, C.
Zhou
, and K.
Galatsis
, “Wafer-scalable, aligned carbon nanotube transistors operating at frequencies of over 100 GHz
,” Nat. Electron.
2
, 530
–539
(2019
).23.
R.
Martel
, V.
Derycke
, C.
Lavoie
, J.
Appenzeller
, K.
Chan
, J.
Tersoff
, and P.
Avouris
, “Ambipolar electrical transport in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
87
, 256805
(2001
).24.
B.
Norton-Baker
, R.
Ihly
, I. E.
Gould
, A. D.
Avery
, Z. R.
Owczarczyk
, A. J.
Ferguson
, and J. L.
Blackburn
, “Polymer-free carbon nanotube thermoelectrics with improved charge carrier transport and power factor
,” ACS Energy Lett.
1
, 1212
–1220
(2016
).25.
C.
Yu
, L.
Shi
, Z.
Yao
, D.
Li
, and A.
Majumdar
, “Thermal conductance and thermopower of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube
,” Nano Lett.
5
, 1842
–1846
(2005
).26.
B.
Kumanek
and D.
Janas
, “Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube networks: A review
,” J. Mater. Sci.
54
, 7397
–7427
(2019
).27.
K.
Yanagi
, H.
Udoguchi
, S.
Sagitani
, Y.
Oshima
, T.
Takenobu
, H.
Kataura
, T.
Ishida
, K.
Matsuda
, and Y.
Maniwa
, “Transport mechanisms in metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube networks
,” ACS Nano
4
, 4027
–4032
(2010
).28.
K.
Yanagi
, R.
Moriya
, Y.
Yomogida
, T.
Takenobu
, Y.
Naitoh
, T.
Ishida
, H.
Kataura
, K.
Matsuda
, and Y.
Maniwa
, “Electrochromic carbon electrodes: Controllable visible color changes in metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes
,” Adv. Mater.
23
, 2811
–2814
(2011
).29.
D. G.
Cahill
, “Analysis of heat flow in layered structures for time-domain thermoreflectance
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
75
, 5119
–5122
(2004
).30.
Y.
Yamashita
, K.
Honda
, T.
Yagi
, J.
Jia
, N.
Taketoshi
, and Y.
Shigesato
, “Thermal conductivity of hetero-epitaxial ZnO thin films on c-and r-plane sapphire substrates: Thickness and grain size effect
,” J. Appl. Phys.
125
, 035101
(2019
).31.
S.
Brorson
, J.
Fujimoto
, and E.
Ippen
, “Femtosecond electronic heat-transport dynamics in thin gold films
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
59
, 1962
(1987
).32.
H.
Elsayed-Ali
, T.
Juhasz
, G.
Smith
, and W.
Bron
, “Femtosecond thermoreflectivity and thermotransmissivity of polycrystalline and single-crystalline gold films
,” Phys. Rev. B
43
, 4488
(1991
).33.
T.
Juhasz
, H.
Elsayed-Ali
, G.
Smith
, C.
Suarez
, and W.
Bron
, “Direct measurements of the transport of nonequilibrium electrons in gold films with different crystal structures
,” Phys. Rev. B
48
, 15488
(1993
).34.
Y.
Nonoguchi
, M.
Nakano
, T.
Murayama
, H.
Hagino
, S.
Hama
, K.
Miyazaki
, R.
Matsubara
, M.
Nakamura
, and T.
Kawai
, “Simple salt-coordinated n-type nanocarbon materials stable in air
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
26
, 3021
–3028
(2016
).35.
M.
Rother
, A.
Kruse
, M.
Brohmann
, M.
Matthiesen
, S.
Grieger
, T. M.
Higgins
, and J.
Zaumseil
, “Vertical electrolyte-gated transistors based on printed single-walled carbon nanotubes
,” ACS Appl. Nano Mater.
1
, 3616
–3624
(2018
).36.
A. D.
Avery
, B. H.
Zhou
, J.
Lee
, E.-S.
Lee
, E. M.
Miller
, R.
Ihly
, D.
Wesenberg
, K. S.
Mistry
, S. L.
Guillot
, B. L.
Zink
et al., “Tailored semiconducting carbon nanotube networks with enhanced thermoelectric properties
,” Nat. Energy
1
, 1
–9
(2016
).37.
M.
Timofeeva
, A.
Bolshakov
, P. D.
Tovee
, D. A.
Zeze
, V. G.
Dubrovskii
, and O. V.
Kolosov
, “Scanning thermal microscopy with heat conductive nanowire probes
,” Ultramicroscopy
162
, 42
–51
(2016
).© 2020 Author(s).
2020
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
