The electric field effect on the optical properties of semiconductors is important in terms of both fundamental physics and technological applications. Here, we explored the optical behavior of cesium halide perovskites under a varied electric field (F). We revealed the intrinsically distinct photoluminescence (PL) spectral evolution between the quantum-confined perovskites and the bulk phase, indicating the different carrier recombination behaviors under F. Strong PL quenching along with significant broadening of emission linewidths was observed. Notably, the CsPbBr3 colloidal quantum dots and nanoplatelets exhibit an unusual field-induced bandgap increase, which is attributed to the weakened orbital coupling between the Pb 6s and Br 4p states with the increase in F. These results could advance their application potential in optoelectronics.
References
1.
A. W.
Achtstein
, A. V.
Prudnikau
, M. V.
Ermolenko
, L. I.
Gurinovich
, S. V.
Gaponenko
, U.
Woggon
, A. V.
Baranov
, M. Y.
Leonov
, I. D.
Rukhlenko
, A. V.
Fedorov
, and M. V.
Artemyev
, ACS Nano
8
(8
), 7678
–7686
(2014
).2.
F.-Y.
Juang
, J.
Singh
, and P. K.
Bhattacharya
, “Field-dependent linewidths and photoluminescence energies in GaAs-AlGaAs multiquantum well modulators
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
48
(19
), 1246
(1986
).3.
C. E.
Rowland
, K.
Susumu
, M. H.
Stewart
, E.
Oh
, A. J.
Mäkinen
, T. J.
O'Shaughnessy
, G.
Kushto
, M. A.
Wolak
, J. S.
Erickson
, A. L.
Efros
, A. L.
Huston
, and J. B.
Delehanty
, “Electric field modulation of semiconductor quantum dot photoluminescence: Insights into the design of robust voltage-sensitive cellular imaging probes
,” Nano Lett.
15
(10
), 6848
–6854
(2015
).4.
V. L.
Colvin
, K. L.
Cunningham
, and A. P.
Alivisatos
, “Electric field modulation studies of optical absorption in CdSe nanocrystals: Dipolar character of the excited state
,” J. Chem. Phys.
101
(8
), 7122
–7138
(1994
).5.
E. E.
Mendez
, F.
Agulló-Rueda
, and J. M.
Hong
, “Stark localization in GaAs-GaAlAs superlattices under an electric field
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
60
(23
), 2426
(1988
).6.
D. A. B.
Miller
, D. S.
Chemla
, T. C.
Damen
, A. C.
Gossard
, W.
Wiegmann
, T. H.
Wood
, and C. A.
Burrus
, “Band-edge electroabsorption in quantum well structures—The quantum-confined Stark effect
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
53
(22
), 2173
–2176
(1984
).7.
N. V.
Tepliakov
, I. O.
Ponomareva
, M. Y.
Leonov
, A. V.
Baranov
, A. V.
Fedorov
, and I. D.
Rukhlenko
, “Field-induced broadening of electroabsorption spectra of semiconductor nanorods and nanoplatelets
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
120
(4
), 2379
–2385
(2016
).8.
H. N.
Spector
and J.
Lee
, “Stark effect in the optical absorption in cubical quantum boxes
,” Physica B
393
(1
), 94
–99
(2007
).9.
P.
Jin
, C. M.
Li
, Z. Y.
Zhang
, F. Q.
Liu
, Y. H.
Chen
, X. L.
Ye
, B.
Xu
, and Z. G.
Wang
, “Quantum-confined Stark effect and built-in dipole moment in self-assembled InAs∕ GaAs quantum dots
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
85
(14
), 2791
–2793
(2004
).10.
S.
Ramanathan
, G.
Petersen
, K.
Wijesundara
, R.
Thota
, E. A.
Stinaff
, M. L.
Kerfoot
, M.
Scheibner
, A. S.
Bracker
, and D.
Gammon
, “Quantum-confined Stark effects in coupled InAs/GaAs quantum dots
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
102
(21
), 213101
(2013
).11.
I. E.
Itskevich
, “Stark shift in electroluminescence of individual InAs quantum dots
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
76
(26
), 3932
–3934
(2000
).12.
D.
Vella
, D.
Ovchinnikov
, D.
Viola
, D.
Dumcenco
, Y. C.
Kung
, E. A. A.
Pogna
, S. D.
Conte
, V.
Vega-Mayoral
, T.
Borzda
, M.
Prijatelj
, D.
Mihailovic
, A.
Kis
, G.
Cerullo
, and C.
Gadermaier
, “Field-induced charge separation dynamics in monolayer MoS2
,” 2D Mater.
4
(3
), 035017
(2017
).13.
G.
Walters
, M.
Wei
, O.
Voznyy
, R.
Quintero-Bermudez
, A.
Kiani
, D. M.
Smilgies
, R.
Munir
, A.
Amassian
, S.
Hoogland
, and E.
Sargent
, “The quantum-confined Stark effect in layered hybrid perovskites mediated by orientational polarizability of confined dipoles
,” Nat. Commun.
9
(1
), 4214
(2018
).14.
D. A. B.
Miller
, D. S.
Chemla
, and S.
Schmitt‐Rink
, “Electroabsorption of highly confined systems: Theory of the quantum–confined Franz–Keldysh effect in semiconductor quantum wires and dots
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
52
(25
), 2154
–2156
(1988
).15.
Y.
Wang
, X. M.
Li
, V.
Nalla
, H. B.
Zeng
, and H. D.
Sun
, “Solution‐processed low threshold vertical cavity surface emitting lasers from all‐inorganic perovskite nanocrystals
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
27
(13
), 1605088
(2017
).16.
X. M.
Li
, Y.
Wu
, S. L.
Zhang
, B.
Cai
, Y.
Gu
, J. Z.
Song
, and H. B.
Zeng
, “CsPbX3 quantum dots for lighting and displays: Room‐temperature synthesis, photoluminescence superiorities, underlying origins and white light‐emitting diodes
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
26
(15
), 2435
–2445
(2016
).17.
T. Y.
Zhang
and W.
Zhao
, “Franz-Keldysh effect and dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect of cylindrical quantum wires
,” Phys. Rev. B
73
(24
), 245337
(2006
).18.
A. G.
Vitukhnovsky
, A. S.
Selyukov
, V. R.
Solovey
, R. B.
Vasiliev
, and E. P.
Lazarevad
, “Photoluminescence of CdTe colloidal quantum wells in external electric field
,” J. Lumin.
186
, 194
–198
(2017
).19.
B.
Ullrich
, J. S.
Wang
, and G. J.
Brown
, “Photoluminescence under high-electric field of PbS quantum dots
,” AIP Adv.
2
(4
), 042132
(2012
).20.
C. X.
Huo
, X. H.
Liu
, X. F.
Song
, Z. M.
Wang
, and H. B.
Zeng
, “Field effect transistors based on Van-Der-Waals grown and dry transferred, all-inorganic perovskites ultrathin platelets
,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
8
, 4785
–4792
(2017
).21.
Y.
Wang
, Z. Y.
Gu
, Y. J.
Ren
, Z. M.
Wang
, B. Q.
Yao
, Z. L.
Dong
, G.
Adamo
, H. B.
Zeng
, and H. D.
Sun
, “Perovskite-ion beam interactions: Toward controllable light-emission and lasing
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
11
(17
), 15756
–15763
(2019
).22.
D. H.
Li
, J.
Zhang
, Q.
Zhang
, and Q. H.
Xiong
, “Electric-field-dependent photoconductivity in CdS nanowires and nanobelts: Exciton ionization, Franz–Keldysh, and Stark effects
,” Nano Lett.
12
(6
), 2993
–2999
(2012
).23.
Y.
Wang
, V. D.
Ta
, K. S.
Leck
, B. H. I.
Tan
, Z.
Wang
, T. C.
He
, C.-D.
Ohl
, H. V.
Demir
, and H. D.
Sun
, “Robust whispering-gallery-mode microbubble lasers from colloidal quantum dots
,” Nano Lett.
17
(4
), 2640
–2646
(2017
).24.
D. A. B.
Miller
, D. S.
Chemla
, T. C.
Damen
, A. C.
Gossard
, W.
Wiegmann
, T. H.
Wood
, and C. A.
Burrus
, “Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures
,” Phys. Rev. B
32
(2
), 1043
(1985
).25.
A. W.
Achtstein
, A.
Schliwa
, A.
Prudnikau
, M.
Hardzei
, M. V.
Artemyev
, C.
Thomsen
, and U.
Woggon
, “Electronic structure and exciton–phonon interaction in two-dimensional colloidal CdSe nanosheets
,” Nano Lett.
12
(6
), 3151
–3157
(2012
).26.
M.
Pelton
, S.
Ithurria
, R. D.
Schaller
, D. S.
Dolzhnikov
, and D. V.
Talapin
, “Carrier cooling in colloidal quantum wells
,” Nano Lett.
12
(12
), 6158
–6163
(2012
).27.
J.
Seufert
, M.
Obert
, M.
Scheibner
, N. A.
Gippius
, G.
Bacher
, A.
Forchel
, T.
Passow
, K.
Leonardi
, and D.
Hommel
, “Stark effect and polarizability in a single CdSe/ZnSe quantum dot
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
79
(7
), 1033
–1035
(2001
).28.
S. A.
Empedocles
and M. G.
Bawendi
, “Quantum-confined stark effect in single CdSe nanocrystallite quantum dots
,” Science
278
(5346
), 2114
–2117
(1997
).29.
Y.
Wang
, X. M.
Li
, J. Z.
Song
, L.
Xiao
, H. B.
Zeng
, and H. D.
Sun
, “All-inorganic colloidal perovskite quantum dots: A new class of lasing materials with favorable characteristics
,” Adv. Mater.
47
(5
), 7101
–7108
(2016
).30.
L.
Protesescu
, S.
Yakunin
, M. I.
Bodnarchuk
, F.
Krieg
, R.
Caputo
, C. H.
Hendon
, R. X.
Yang
, A.
Walsh
, and M. V.
Kovalenko
, “Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X= Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut
,” Nano Lett.
15
(6
), 3692
–3696
(2015
).31.
K.
Miyata
, T. L.
Atallah
, and X.-Y.
Zhu
, “Lead halide perovskites: Crystal-liquid duality, phonon glass electron crystals, and large polaron formation
,” Sci. Adv.
3
(10
), e1701469
(2017
).32.
Y.
Jiang
, X.
Wang
, and A.
Pan
, “Properties of excitons and photogenerated charge carriers in metal halide perovskites
,” Adv. Mater.
(published online).33.
R. L.
Petritz
and W. W.
Scanlon
, “Mobility of electrons and holes in the polar crystal, PbS
,” Phys. Rev.
97
(6
), 1620
(1955
).34.
P. D.
Southgate
, D. S.
Hall
, and A. B.
Dreeben
, “Hot-electron distribution in n-gaas derived from photoluminescence measurements with applied electric field
,” J. Appl. Phys.
42
(7
), 2868
–2874
(1971
).35.
V. K.
Ravi
, G. B.
Markad
, and A.
Nag
, “Band edge energies and excitonic transition probabilities of colloidal CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals
,” ACS Energy Lett.
1
(4
), 665
–671
(2016
).36.
G. J.
Xiao
, Y.
Cao
, G. Y.
Qi
, L. R.
Wang
, C.
Liu
, Z. W.
Ma
, X. Y.
Yang
, Y. M.
Sui
, W. T.
Zheng
, and B.
Zou
, “Pressure effects on structure and optical properties in cesium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
139
(29
), 10087
–10094
(2017
).37.
A. O.
Muravitskaya
, L. I.
Gurinovich
, A. V.
Prudnikau
, M. V.
Artemyev
, and S. V.
Gaponenko
, “The effect of an external electric field on photoluminescence of CdSe colloidal nanoparticles of different topologies
,” Opt. Spectrosc.
122
(1
), 83
–87
(2017
).38.
G. A.
Baraff
, “Distribution functions and ionization rates for hot electrons in semiconductors
,” Phys. Rev.
128
(6
), 2507
–2517
(1962
).39.
L.
Schultheis
, K.
Köhler
, and C. W.
Tu
, “Energy shift and line broadening of three-dimensional excitons in electric fields
,” Phys. Rev. B
36
, 6609
–6612
(1987
).40.
A.
Phillips
and P. J.
Price
, “Monte Carlo calculations on hot electron energy tails
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
30
(10
), 528
(1977
).© 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
