Free electron beams that carry high values of orbital angular momentum (OAM) possess large magnetic moments along the propagation direction. This makes them an ideal probe for measuring the electronic and magnetic properties of materials, as well as for fundamental experiments in magnetism. However, their generation requires the use of complex diffractive elements, which usually take the form of nano-fabricated holograms. Here, we show how the limitations of the current fabrication of such holograms can be overcome by using electron beam lithography. We demonstrate experimentally the realization of an electron vortex beam with the largest OAM value that has yet been reported to the first diffraction order (L = 1000 ℏ), paving the way for even more demanding demonstrations and applications of electron beam shaping.

1.
D. L.
Andrews
and
M.
Babiker
,
The Angular Momentum of Light
(
Cambridge University Press
,
2012
).
2.
K. Y.
Bliokh
,
Y. P.
Bliokh
,
S.
Savel'ev
, and
F.
Nori
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
99
,
190404
(
2007
).
3.
M.
Uchida
and
A.
Tonomura
,
Nature
464
,
737
(
2010
).
4.
J.
Verbeeck
,
H.
Tian
, and
P.
Schattschneider
,
Nature
467
,
301
(
2010
).
5.
B. J.
McMorran
,
A.
Agrawal
,
I. M.
Anderson
,
A. A.
Herzing
,
H. J.
Lezec
,
J. J.
McClelland
, and
J.
Unguris
,
Science
331
,
192
(
2011
).
6.
P.
Schattschneider
,
S.
Löffler
,
M.
Stöger-Pollach
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Ultramicroscopy
136
,
81
85
(
2014
).
7.
S.
Lloyd
,
S. M.
Babiker
, and
J.
Yuan
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
,
074802
(
2012
).
8.
A.
Garcia
and
F. J.
García de Abajo
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
113
,
066102
(
2014
).
9.
T. R.
Harvey
,
J. S.
Pierce
,
J. J.
Chess
, and
B. J.
McMorran
, preprint
arXiv:1507.01810
.
10.
R.
Juchtmans
,
A.
Béché
,
A.
Abakumov
,
M.
Batuk
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Phys. Rev. B
91
,
094112
(
2015
).
11.
J.
Verbeeck
,
H.
Tian
, and
G.
Van Tendeloo
,
Adv. Mater.
25
,
1114
1117
(
2013
).
12.
E.
Karimi
,
L.
Marucci
,
V.
Grillo
, and
E.
Santamato
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
,
044801
(
2012
).
13.
J.
Harris
,
V.
Grillo
,
E.
Mafakheri
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
S.
Frabboni
,
R. W.
Boyd
, and
E.
Karimi
,
Nat. Phys.
11
,
629
(
2015
).
14.
I. P.
Ivanov
and
D. V.
Karlovets
,
Phys. Rev. A
88
,
043840
(
2013
).
15.
V.
Grillo
,
T. R.
Harvey
,
J. S.
Pierce
,
F.
Venturi
,
R.
Balboni
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
S.
Frabboni
,
B. J.
McMorran
,
R. W.
Boyd
, and
E.
Karimi
, in
Proceedings of the EMC 2016
(
2016
).
16.
A.
Edström
,
A.
Lubk
, and
J.
Rusz
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
116
,
127203
(
2016
).
17.
P.
Schattschneider
,
T.
Schachinger
,
M.
Stöger-Pollach
,
S.
Löffler
,
A.
Steiger-Thirsfeld
,
K. Y.
Bliokh
, and
F.
Nori
,
Nat. Commun.
5
,
4586
(
2014
).
18.
E.
Karimi
,
R. W.
Boyd
,
P.
de la Hoz
,
H.
de Guise
,
J.
Řeháček
,
Z.
Hradil
,
A.
Aiello
,
G.
Leuchs
, and
L. L.
Sánchez-Soto
,
Phys. Rev. A
89
,
063813
(
2014
).
19.
V.
Grillo
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
E.
Mafakheri
,
S.
Frabboni
,
E.
Karimi
, and
R. W.
Boyd
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
114
,
034801
(
2015
).
20.
R.
Shiloh
,
Y.
Lereah
,
Y.
Lilach
, and
A.
Arie
,
Ultramicroscopy
144
,
26
(
2014
).
21.
A.
Béché
,
R.
Winkler
,
H.
Plank
,
F.
Hofer
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Micron
80
,
16
(
2014
).
22.
V.
Grillo
,
A. H.
Tavabi
,
F.
Venturi
,
H.
Larocque
,
R.
Balboni
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
S.
Frabboni
,
P.-H.
Lu
,
E.
Mafakheri
,
F.
Bouchard
,
R. E.
Dunin-Borkowski
,
R. W.
Boyd
,
M. P. J.
Lavery
,
M. J.
Padgett
, and
E.
Karimi
, e-print arXiv:1609.09129v1.
23.
V.
Grillo
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
E.
Karimi
,
E.
Mafakheri
,
R. W.
Boyd
, and
S.
Frabboni
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
104
,
043109
(
2014
).
24.
T. R.
Harvey
,
J. S.
Pierce
,
A. K.
Agrawal
,
P.
Ercius
,
M.
Linck
, and
B. J.
McMorran
,
New J. Phys.
16
,
093039
(
2014
).
25.
J.
Verbeeck
,
H.
Tian
, and
A.
Béché
,
Ultramicroscopy
113
,
83
(
2012
).
26.
K.
Saitoh
,
Y.
Hasegawa
,
N.
Tanaka
, and
M.
Uchida
,
J. Electron Microsc.
61
,
171
(
2012
).
27.
P.
Schattschneider
,
M.
Stoger-Pollach
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
109
,
1
5
(
2012
).
28.
L.
Clark
,
A.
Béché
,
G.
Guzzinati
,
A.
Lubk
,
M.
Mazilu
,
R.
Van Boxem
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
111
,
064801
(
2013
).
29.
A.
Béché
,
R.
Van Boxem
,
G.
Van Tendeloo
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Nat. Phys.
10
,
26
29
(
2014
).
30.
A. M.
Blackburn
and
J. C.
Loudon
,
Ultramicroscopy
136
,
127
(
2014
).
31.
G.
Pozzi
,
P.-H.
Lu
,
A. H.
Tavabi
,
M.
Duchamp
, and
R. E.
Dunin-Borkowski
, “
Generation of electron vortex beams using line charges via the electrostatic Aharonov-Bohm effect
” (unpublished).
32.
V.
Grillo
,
E.
Karimi
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
S.
Frabboni
,
M. R.
Dennis
, and
R. W.
Boyd
,
Phys. Rev. X
4
,
011013
(
2014
).
33.
B. J.
McMorran
,
A.
Agrawal
,
P. A.
Ercius
,
V.
Grillo
,
A. A.
Herzing
,
T. R.
Harvey
,
M.
Linck
, and
J. S.
Pierce
,
Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A
375
,
20150434
(
2017
).
34.
V.
Grillo
,
J.
Harris
,
G. C.
Gazzadi
,
R.
Balboni
,
E.
Mafakheri
,
M. R.
Dennis
,
S.
Frabboni
,
R. W.
Boyd
, and
E.
Karimi
,
Ultramicroscopy
166
,
48
(
2016
).
35.
V.
Grillo
and
E.
Rotunno
,
Ultramicroscopy
125
,
112
(
2013
).
36.
G.
Guzzinati
,
P.
Schattschneider
,
K. Y.
Bliokh
,
F.
Nori
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
110
,
093601
(
2013
).
37.
G.
Guzzinati
,
L.
Clark
,
A.
Béché
, and
J.
Verbeeck
,
Phys. Rev. A
89
,
025803
(
2014
).
38.
T.
Schachinger
,
S.
Löffler
,
M.
Stöger-Pollach
, and
P.
Schattschneider
,
Ultramicroscopy
158
,
17
25
(
2015
).

Supplementary Material

You do not currently have access to this content.