Free electron beams that carry high values of orbital angular momentum (OAM) possess large magnetic moments along the propagation direction. This makes them an ideal probe for measuring the electronic and magnetic properties of materials, as well as for fundamental experiments in magnetism. However, their generation requires the use of complex diffractive elements, which usually take the form of nano-fabricated holograms. Here, we show how the limitations of the current fabrication of such holograms can be overcome by using electron beam lithography. We demonstrate experimentally the realization of an electron vortex beam with the largest OAM value that has yet been reported to the first diffraction order (L = 1000 ℏ), paving the way for even more demanding demonstrations and applications of electron beam shaping.
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27 February 2017
Research Article|
March 03 2017
Realization of electron vortices with large orbital angular momentum using miniature holograms fabricated by electron beam lithography Available to Purchase
E. Mafakheri;
E. Mafakheri
1Dipartimento di Fisica Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
, via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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A. H. Tavabi;
A. H. Tavabi
2
Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) and Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI)
, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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P.-H. Lu;
P.-H. Lu
2
Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) and Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI)
, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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R. Balboni
;
R. Balboni
3
CNR-IMM
, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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F. Venturi
;
F. Venturi
1Dipartimento di Fisica Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
, via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
4
CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze
, Centro S3, Via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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C. Menozzi;
C. Menozzi
1Dipartimento di Fisica Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
, via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
4
CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze
, Centro S3, Via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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G. C. Gazzadi;
G. C. Gazzadi
4
CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze
, Centro S3, Via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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S. Frabboni;
S. Frabboni
1Dipartimento di Fisica Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
, via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
4
CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze
, Centro S3, Via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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A. Sit;
A. Sit
5Department of Physics,
University of Ottawa
, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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R. E. Dunin-Borkowski;
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
2
Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) and Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI)
, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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E. Karimi
;
E. Karimi
5Department of Physics,
University of Ottawa
, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
6Department of Physics,
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
, 45137-66731 Zanjan, Iran
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E. Mafakheri
1
A. H. Tavabi
2
P.-H. Lu
2
R. Balboni
3
F. Venturi
1,4
C. Menozzi
1,4
G. C. Gazzadi
4
S. Frabboni
1,4
A. Sit
5
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski
2
E. Karimi
5,6
V. Grillo
4,7,a)
1Dipartimento di Fisica Informatica e Matematica,
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
, via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
2
Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) and Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI)
, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
3
CNR-IMM
, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
4
CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze
, Centro S3, Via G Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
5Department of Physics,
University of Ottawa
, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
6Department of Physics,
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
, 45137-66731 Zanjan, Iran
7
CNR-IMEM Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A
, I-43124 Parma, Italy
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: [email protected]
Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 093113 (2017)
Article history
Received:
December 27 2016
Accepted:
February 20 2017
Citation
E. Mafakheri, A. H. Tavabi, P.-H. Lu, R. Balboni, F. Venturi, C. Menozzi, G. C. Gazzadi, S. Frabboni, A. Sit, R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, E. Karimi, V. Grillo; Realization of electron vortices with large orbital angular momentum using miniature holograms fabricated by electron beam lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett. 27 February 2017; 110 (9): 093113. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4977879
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