Paper-based microfluidics and sensors have attracted great attention. Although a large number of paper-based devices have been developed, surprisingly there are only a few studies investigating paper actuators. To fulfill the requirements for the integration of both sensors and actuators into paper, this work presents an unprecedented platform which utilizes ferromagnetic particles for actuation and graphite for motion monitoring. The use of the integrated mechanical sensing element eliminates the reliance on image processing for motion detection and also allows real-time measurements of the dynamic response in paper-based actuators. The proposed platform can also be quickly fabricated using a simple process, indicating its potential for controllable paper-based lab on chip.
References
1.
K.
Yamada
, T. G.
Henares
, K.
Suzuki
, and D.
Citterio
, Angew. Chem.
54
, 5294
(2015
).2.
X.
Li
, D. R.
Ballerini
, and W.
Shen
, Biomicrofluidics
6
, 011301
(2012
).3.
S. K.
Mahadeva
, K.
Walus
, and B.
Stoeber
, Appl. Mater. Interfaces
7
, 8345
–8362
(2015
).4.
A. W.
Martinez
, S. T.
Phillips
, G. M.
Whitesides
, and E.
Carrilho
, Anal. Chem.
82
, 3
–10
(2010
).5.
L.
Nyholm
, G.
Nystrom
, A.
Mihranyan
, and M.
Stromme
, Adv. Mater.
23
, 3751
–3769
(2011
).6.
P.-K.
Yang
, Z.-H.
Lin
, K. C.
Pradel
, L.
Lin
, X.
Li
, X.
Wen
, Jr.-H.
He
, and Z. L.
Wang
, ACS Nano
9
, 901
(2015
).7.
F.
Guder
, A.
Ainla
, J.
Redston
, B.
Mosadegh
, A.
Glavan
, T. J.
Martin
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Angew. Chem.
128
, 5821
(2016
).8.
S.
Chen
, Q.
Wan
, and A. K.
Badu-Tawiah
, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
138
(20
), 6356
(2016
).9.
X.
Liao
, Q.
Liao
, X.
Yan
, Q.
Liang
, H.
Si
, M.
Li
, H.
Wu
, S.
Cao
, and Y.
Zhang
, Adv. Funct. Mater.
25
, 2395
–2401
(2015
).10.
C.-W.
Lin
, Z.
Zhao
, J.
Kim
, and J.
Huang
, “Pencil drawn strain gauges and chemiresistors on paper
,” Sci. Rep.
4
, 3812
(2014
).11.
Y.
Wang
, H.
Guo
, J.-J.
Chen
, E.
Sowade
, Y.
Wang
, K.
Liang
, K.
Marcus
, R. R.
Baumann
, and Z.-S.
Feng
, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
8
, 26112
–26118
(2016
).12.
T.
Dinh
, H.-P.
Phan
, D. V.
Dao
, P.
Woodfield
, A.
Qamar
, and N.-T.
Nguyen
, J. Mater. Chem. C
3
, 8776
–8779
(2015
).13.
T.
Dinh
, H.-P.
Phan
, A.
Qamar
, N.-T.
Nguyen
, and D. V.
Dao
, RSC Adv.
6
, 77267
–77274
(2016
).14.
T.
Dinh
, H.-P.
Phan
, T.-K.
Nguyen
, A.
Qamar
, A. R. M.
Foisal
, T. N.
Viet
, C. D.
Tran
, Y.
Zhu
, N.-T.
Nguyen
, and D. V.
Dao
, J. Mater. Chem. C
4
, 10061
–10068
(2016
).15.
J. T.
Connelly
, J. P.
Rolland
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Anal. Chem.
87
, 7595
(2015
).16.
A.
Nemiroski
, D. C.
Christodouleas
, J. W.
Hennek
, A. A.
Kumar
, E. J.
Maxwell
, M. T.
Fernandez-Abedul
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
111
, 11984
(2014
).17.
B.
Mosadegh
, M. R.
Lockett
, K.
Thu
, K. A.
Simon
, K.
Gilbert
, S.
Hillier
, D.
Newsome
, H.
Li
, A. B.
Hall
, D. M.
Boucher
, B. K.
Eustace
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Biomaterials
52
, 262
(2015
).18.
S.
Burnham
, J.
Hu
, H.
Anany
, L.
Brovko
, F.
Deiss
, R.
Derda
, and M. W.
Griffiths
, Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
406
, 5685
(2014
).19.
A. K.
Yetisen
, M. S.
Akram
, and C. R.
Lowe
, Lab Chip
13
, 2210
–2251
(2013
).20.
J.
Hu
, S.
Wang
, L.
Wang
, F.
Li
, B.
Pingguan-Murphy
, T. J.
Lu
, and F.
Xu
, Biosens. Bioelectron.
54
, 585
–597
(2014
).21.
P.
Von Lode
, Clin. Biochem.
38
, 591
–606
(2005
).22.
M. M.
Hamedi
, V. E.
Campbell
, P.
Rothemund
, F.
Guder
, D. C.
Christodouleas
, J.-F.
Bloch
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Adv. Funct. Mater.
26
, 2446
–2453
(2016
).23.
M.
Amjadi
and M.
Sitti
, ACS Nano
10
, 10202
–10210
(2016
).24.
L. G.
Cancado
, K.
Takai
, T.
Enoki
, M.
Endo
, Y. A.
Kim
, H.
Mizusaki
, and M. A.
Pimenta
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
88
, 163106
(2006
).25.
H.-P.
Phan
, T.
Kozeki
, T.
Dinh
, T.
Fujii
, A.
Qamar
, Y.
Zhu
, T.
Namazu
, N.-T.
Nguyen
, and D. V.
Dao
, RSC Adv.
5
, 82121
–82126
(2015
).26.
X.
Liu
, M.
Mwangi
, X.
Li
, M.
O'Briena
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, Lab Chip
11
, 2189
(2011
).27.
M.
Khoury
, G. E.
Tourtollet
, and A.
Schroder
, Ultrasonics
37
(2
), 133
–139
(1999
).28.
H.-P.
Phan
, T.
Dinh
, T.
Kozeki
, T. K.
Nguyen
, A.
Qamar
, T.
Namazu
, N.-T.
Nguyen
, and D. V.
Dao
, IEEE Electron Device Lett.
37
, 1029
–1032
(2016
).29.
D. V.
Dao
, H.-P.
Phan
, A.
Qamar
, and T.
Dinh
, RSC Adv.
6
, 21302
–21307
(2016
).30.
T.-K.
Kang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
104
, 073117
(2014
).31.
S.
Kanaparthi
and S.
Badhulika
, Nanotechnology
27
, 095206
(2016
).32.
Z. M.
Wang
, R. G.
Wu
, Z. P.
Wang
, and R. V.
Ramanujan
, Sci. Rep.
6
, 26945
(2016
).33.
E. P.
Furlani
, J. Appl. Phys.
99
, 024912
(2006
).34.
K.
Schulgasser
, Fibre Sci. Technol.
15
, 257
–270
(1981
).© 2017 Author(s).
2017
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
