We report on how the relaxation of patterns prepared on a thin film can be controlled by manipulating the symmetry of the initial shape. The validity of a lubrication theory for the capillary-driven relaxation of surface profiles is verified by atomic force microscopy measurements, performed on films that were patterned using focused laser spike annealing. In particular, we observe that the shape of the surface profile at late times is entirely determined by the initial symmetry of the perturbation, in agreement with the theory. The results have relevance in the dynamical control of topographic perturbations for nanolithography and high density memory storage.
References
1.
Polymer Thin Films
, edited by O. K. C.
Tsui
and T. P.
Russell
(World Scientific
, 2008
).2.
A.
Nunns
, J.
Gwyther
, and I.
Manners
, Polymer (Guildford)
54
, 1269
–1284
(2013
).3.
D. A.
Boyd
, New Future Developments Catalysis
, edited by S. L.
Suib
(Elsevier
, 2013
), pp. 305
–332
.4.
Y.-C.
Tseng
and S. B.
Darling
, Polymers (Basel)
2
, 470
–489
(2010
).5.
A. P.
Marencic
and R. A.
Register
, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng.
1
, 277
–297
(2010
).6.
I.
Hamley
, Prog. Polym. Sci.
34
, 1161
–1210
(2009
).7.
S.-M.
Park
, O.-H.
Park
, J. Y.
Cheng
, C. T.
Rettner
, and H.-C.
Kim
, Nanotechnology
19
, 455304
(2008
).8.
J. G.
Son
, J.-B.
Chang
, K. K.
Berggren
, and C. A.
Ross
, Nano Lett.
11
, 5079
–5084
(2011
).9.
C. M.
Bates
, T.
Seshimo
, M. J.
Maher
, W. J.
Durand
, J. D.
Cushen
, L. M.
Dean
, G.
Blachut
, C. J.
Ellison
, and C. G.
Willson
, Science
338
, 775
–779
(2012
).10.
J. Y.
Cheng
, A. M.
Mayes
, and C. A.
Ross
, Nat. Mater.
3
, 823
–828
(2004
).11.
J. Y.
Cheng
, C. A.
Ross
, H. I.
Smith
, and E. L.
Thomas
, Adv. Mater.
18
, 2505
–2521
(2006
).12.
I.
Bita
, J. K. W.
Yang
, Y. S.
Jung
, C. A.
Ross
, E. L.
Thomas
, and K. K.
Berggren
, Science
321
, 939
–943
(2008
).13.
W.
Man
, M.
Megens
, P. J.
Steinhardt
, and P. M.
Chaikin
, Nature
436
, 993
–996
(2005
).14.
C.
Sun
, N.
Fang
, D. M.
Wu
, and X.
Zhang
, Sens. Actuators, A Phys.
121
, 113
–120
(2005
).15.
S. Y.
Chou
, P. R.
Krauss
, and P. J.
Renstrom
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
67
, 3114
(1995
).16.
S. Y.
Chou
, P. R.
Krauss
, and P. J.
Renstrom
, Science
272
, 85
–87
(1996
).17.
M. D.
Austin
and S. Y.
Chou
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
81
, 4431
(2002
).18.
L. J.
Guo
, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
37
, R123
–R141
(2004
).19.
L.
Guo
, Adv. Mater.
19
, 495
–513
(2007
).20.
P.
Vettiger
, G.
Cross
, U.
Drechsler
, U.
Durig
, B.
Gotsmann
, W.
Haberle
, M.
Lantz
, H.
Rothuizen
, R.
Stutz
, and G.
Binnig
, IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol.
1
, 39
–55
(2002
).21.
H.
Pozidis
and P.
Bachtold
, in Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technology
(IEEE
, 2006
), pp. 39
–44
.22.
G. D.
Bixler
and B.
Bhushan
, Adv. Funct. Mater.
23
, 4507
–4528
(2013
).23.
J. B.
Kim
, P.
Kim
, N. C.
Pégard
, S. J.
Oh
, C. R.
Kagan
, J. W.
Fleischer
, H. A.
Stone
, and Y.-L.
Loo
, Nat. Photonics
6
, 327
–332
(2012
).24.
A.
Bay
, N.
André
, M.
Sarrazin
, A.
Belarouci
, V.
Aimez
, L. A.
Francis
, and J. P.
Vigneron
, Opt. Express
21
(1
), A179
–A189
(2013
).25.
Z.
Fakhraai
and J. A.
Forrest
, Science
319
, 600
–604
(2008
).26.
Z.
Yang
, Y.
Fujii
, F. K.
Lee
, C.-H.
Lam
, and O. K. C.
Tsui
, Science
328
, 1676
–1679
(2010
).27.
Y.
Chai
, T.
Salez
, J. D.
McGraw
, M.
Benzaquen
, K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, E.
Raphaël
, and J. A.
Forrest
, Science
343
, 994
–999
(2014
).28.
T.
Leveder
, S.
Landis
, and L.
Davoust
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
92
, 013107
(2008
).29.
T.
Leveder
, E.
Rognin
, S.
Landis
, and L.
Davoust
, Microelectron. Eng.
88
, 1867
–1870
(2011
).30.
E.
Rognin
, S.
Landis
, and L.
Davoust
, Phys. Rev. E
84
, 041805
(2011
).31.
J. D.
McGraw
, T.
Salez
, O.
Bäumchen
, E.
Raphaël
, and K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
109
, 128303
(2012
).32.
E.
Rognin
, S.
Landis
, and L.
Davoust
, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B Microelectron. Nanom. Struct.
30
, 011602
(2012
).33.
M.
Benzaquen
, P.
Fowler
, L.
Jubin
, T.
Salez
, K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, and E.
Raphaël
, Soft Matter
10
, 8608
–8614
(2014
).34.
E.
Rognin
, S.
Landis
, and L.
Davoust
, Langmuir
30
, 6963
–6969
(2014
).35.
D. J.
Srolovitz
and S. A.
Safran
, J. Appl. Phys.
60
, 255
–260
(1986
).36.
F.
Wyart
and J.
Daillant
, Can. J. Phys.
68
, 1084
–1088
(1990
).37.
R.
Seemann
, S.
Herminghaus
, and K.
Jacobs
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
87
, 196101
(2001
).38.
G.
Reiter
, M.
Hamieh
, P.
Damman
, S.
Sclavons
, S.
Gabriele
, T.
Vilmin
, and E.
Raphaël
, Nat. Mater.
4
, 754
–758
(2005
).39.
X.-C.
Chen
, H.-M.
Li
, F.
Fang
, Y.-W.
Wu
, M.
Wang
, G.-B.
Ma
, Y.-Q.
Ma
, D.-J.
Shu
, and R.-W.
Peng
, Adv. Mater.
24
, 2637
–2641
(2012
).40.
E.
Schaffer
, T.
Thurn-Albrecht
, T.
Russell
, and U.
Steiner
, Nature
403
, 874
–877
(2000
).41.
M. D.
Morariu
, N. E.
Voicu
, E.
Schäffer
, Z.
Lin
, T. P.
Russell
, and U.
Steiner
, Nat. Mater.
2
, 48
–52
(2003
).42.
N.
Voicu
, S.
Harkema
, and U.
Steiner
, Adv. Funct. Mater.
16
, 926
–934
(2006
).43.
C. B.
Kim
, D. W.
Janes
, D. L.
McGuffin
, and C. J.
Ellison
, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.
52
, 1195
–1202
(2014
).44.
J. M.
Katzenstein
, C. B.
Kim
, N. A.
Prisco
, R.
Katsumata
, Z.
Li
, D. W.
Janes
, G.
Blachut
, and C. J.
Ellison
, Macromolecules
47
, 6804
–6812
(2014
).45.
T. A.
Arshad
, C. B.
Kim
, N. A.
Prisco
, J. M.
Katzenstein
, D. W.
Janes
, R. T.
Bonnecaze
, and C. J.
Ellison
, Soft Matter
10
, 8043
–8050
(2014
).46.
J. M.
Katzenstein
, D. W.
Janes
, J. D.
Cushen
, N. B.
Hira
, D. L.
McGuffin
, N. A.
Prisco
, and C. J.
Ellison
, ACS Macro Lett.
1
, 1150
–1154
(2012
).47.
F.
Brochard
, Langmuir
5
, 432
–438
(1989
).48.
D.
Kataoka
and S.
Troian
, Nature
402
, 794
–797
(1999
).49.
J. P.
Valentino
, S. M.
Troian
, and S.
Wagner
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
86
, 184101
(2005
).50.
M.
Dietzel
and S.
Troian
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
103
, 074501
(2009
).51.
J. P.
Singer
, P.-T.
Lin
, S. E.
Kooi
, L. C.
Kimerling
, J.
Michel
, and E. L.
Thomas
, Adv. Mater.
25
, 6100
–6105
(2013
).52.
T.
Salez
, J. D.
McGraw
, S. L.
Cormier
, O.
Bäumchen
, K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, and E.
Raphaël
, Eur. Phys. J. E
35
, 114
(2012
).53.
O.
Bäumchen
, M.
Benzaquen
, T.
Salez
, J. D.
McGraw
, M.
Backholm
, P.
Fowler
, E.
Raphaël
, and K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, Phys. Rev. E
88
, 035001
(2013
).54.
M.
Backholm
, M.
Benzaquen
, T.
Salez
, E.
Raphaël
, and K.
Dalnoki-Veress
, Soft Matter
10
, 2550
–2558
(2014
).55.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4927599 for details of the theoretical and experimental methods.
56.
In the general case, although the center of the surface perturbation is not uniquely defined, the results are independent of the choice of the center. For most real experimental features, the position of the center can be chosen quite naturally.
57.
M.
Benzaquen
, T.
Salez
, and E.
Raphaël
, Eur. Phys. J. E.
36
, 82
(2013
).58.
59.
© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
2015
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.