Resonant photoemission spectroscopy is used to study the intermediate-band material Cr doped ZnS. Using resonant photoemission, we show that the intermediate-band can be characterized, revealing the filling and specific orbital character of the states contributing to the resonant photoemission signal. We demonstrate that resonant photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful approach for understanding the origin of intermediate bands in doped ZnS. The methodology can be widely extended to a large variety of materials, providing useful information towards engineering of high efficiency intermediate band solar cells and of other optoelectronic devices.
References
1.
A.
Luque
and A.
Martí
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
78
, 5014
(1997
).2.
Y.
Okada
et al., “Intermediate band solar cells: Recent progress and future directions
,” Appl. Phys. Rev.
2
, 021302
(2015
).3.
T.
Sogabe
, Y.
Shoji
, M.
Ohba
, K.
Yoshida
, R.
Tamaki
, H.-F.
Hong
, C.-H.
Wu
, C.-T.
Kuo
, S.
Tomić
, and Y.
Okada
, Sci. Rep.
4
, 4792
(2014
).4.
I.
Ramiro
, A.
Marti
, E.
Antolin
, and A.
Luque
, IEEE J. Photovoltaics
4
, 736
(2014
).5.
W.
Shockley
and H. J.
Queisser
, J. Appl. Phys.
32
, 510
(1961
).6.
A.
Luque
, A.
Marti
, and C.
Stanley
, Nat. Photonics
6
, 146
(2012
).7.
A.
Luque
, A.
Martí
, N.
López
, E.
Antolín
, E.
Cánovas
, C.
Stanley
, C.
Farmer
, L. J.
Caballero
, L.
Cuadra
, and J. L.
Balenzategui
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
87
, 083505
(2005
).8.
K. M.
Yu
, W.
Walukiewicz
, J.
Wu
, W.
Shan
, M. A.
Scarpulla
, O. D.
Dubon
, J. W.
Beeman
, and P.
Becla
, Phys. Status Solidi B
241
, 660
(2004
).9.
M.
Nematollahi
, X.
Yang
, L. M. S.
Ass
, Z.
Ghadyani
, M.
Kildemo
, U.
Gibson
, and T. W.
Reenaas
, “Molecular beam and pulsed laser deposition of ZnS:Cr for intermediate band solar cells,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
141
, 322
–330
(2015
).10.
M.
Ichimura
, H.
Sakakibara
, K.
Wada
, and M.
Kato
, J. Appl. Phys.
114
, 114505
(2013
).11.
C.
Guillot
, Y.
Ballu
, J.
Paigné
, J.
Lecante
, K. P.
Jain
, P.
Thiry
, R.
Pinchaux
, Y.
Pétroff
, and L. M.
Falicov
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
39
, 1632
(1977
).12.
H.
Sato
, M.
Koyama
, K.
Takada
, H.
Okuda
, K.
Shimada
, Y.
Ueda
, J.
Ghijsen
, and M.
Taniguchi
, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.
88
, 333
–337
(1998
).13.
M.
Weinelt
, A.
Nilsson
, M.
Magnuson
, T.
Wiell
, N.
Wassdahl
, O.
Karis
, A.
Föhlisch
, N.
Mårtensson
, J.
Stöhr
, and M.
Samant
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
78
, 967
(1997
).14.
F.
Mazzola
, M. T.
Edmonds
, K.
Høydalsvik
, D. J.
Carter
, N. A.
Marks
, B. C. C.
Cowie
, L.
Thomsen
, J.
Miwa
, M. Y.
Simmons
, and J. W.
Wells
, ACS Nano
8
, 10223
(2014
).15.
P.
Hofmann
, C.
Søndergaard
, S.
Agergaard
, S. V.
Hoffmann
, J. E.
Gayone
, G.
Zampieri
, S.
Lizzit
, and A.
Baraldi
, Phys. Rev. B
66
, 245422
(2002
).16.
L. C.
Davis
, Phys. Rev. B
25
, 2912
(1982
).17.
L.
Bawden
, J. M.
Riley
, C. H.
Kim
, R.
Sankar
, E. J.
Monkman
, D. E.
Shai
, H. I.
Wei
, E.
Lochocki
, J. W.
Wells
, W.
Meevasana
, T. K.
Kim
, M.
Hoesch
, Y.
Ohtsubo
, P.
Le F'evre
, C. J.
Fennie
, K. M.
Shen
, F. C.
Chou
, and P. D. C.
King
, Sci. Adv.
1
(8
), e1500495
(2015
).18.
C.
Tablero
, Phys. Rev. B
74
, 195203
(2006
).19.
C.
Tablero
, J. Chem. Phys.
123
, 114709
(2005
).20.
J.
Schrier
, D. O.
Demchenko
, Lin-Wang
, and A. P.
, Alivisatos
, “Optical properties of ZnO/ZnS and ZnO/ZnTe heterostructures for photovoltaic applications
,” Nano Lett.
7
(8
), 2377
–2382
(2007
).21.
R.
Nyholm
, S.
Svensson
, J.
Nordgren
, and A.
Flodström
, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
246
, 267
(1986
).22.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935536 for an alternative presentation of the raw data.
23.
J. C.
Fuggle
and N.
Mårtensson
, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.
21
, 275
(1980
).24.
A. S.
Vinogradov
, S. I.
Fedoseenko
, S. A.
Krasnikov
, A. B.
Preobrajenski
, V. N.
Sivkov
, D. V.
Vyalikh
, S. L.
Molodtsov
, V. K.
Adamchuk
, C.
Laubschat
, and G.
Kaindl
, Phys. Rev. B
71
, 045127
(2005
).25.
P.
Olalde-Velasco
, J.
Jiménez-Mier
, J. D.
Denlinger
, Z.
Hussain
, and W. L.
Yang
, Phys. Rev. B
83
, 241102
(2011
).© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
2015
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
