This study reports the constitutive response and energy absorption capabilities of fluid-impregnated carbon nanotube (CNT) foams under compressive loading as a function of fluid viscosity and loading rates. At all strain rates tested, we observe two characteristic regimes: below a critical value, increasing fluid viscosity increases the load bearing and energy absorption capacities; after a critical value of the fluid's viscosity, we observe a rapid decrease in the systems' mechanical performance. For a given fluid viscosity, the load bearing capacity of the structure slightly decreases with strain rate. A phenomenological model, accounting for fluid-CNT interaction, is developed to explain the observed mechanical behavior.
REFERENCES
1.
J. M.
Schnorr
and T. M.
Swager
, Chem. Mater.
23
, 646
(2011
).2.
A.
Cao
, P. L.
Dickrell
, W. G.
Sawyer
, M. N.
Ghasemi-Nejhad
, and P. M.
Ajayan
, Science
310
, 1307
(2005
).3.
K.
Mylvaganam
and L. C.
Zhang
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
89
, 123127
(2006
).4.
S.
Kaur
, P. M.
Ajayan
, and R. S.
Kane
, J. Phys. Chem. B
110
, 21377
(2006
).5.
A. A.
Zbib
, S. D.
Mesarovic
, E. T.
Lileodden
, D.
McClain
, J.
Jiao
, and D. F.
Bahr
, Nanotechnology
19
, 175704
(2008
).6.
M. A.
Worsley
, S. O.
Kucheyev
, J. H.
Satcher
, A. V.
Hamza
, and T. F.
Baumann
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
94
, 073115
(2009
).7.
A.
Misra
, J. R.
Greer
, and C.
Daraio
, Adv. Mater.
21
, 334
(2009
).8.
P. D.
Bradford
, X.
Wang
, H.
Zhao
, and Y. T.
Zhu
, Carbon
49
, 2834
(2011
).9.
A.
Misra
, J. R.
Raney
, A. C.
Craig
, and C.
Daraio
, Nanotechnology
22
, 425705
(2011
).10.
Y.
Gao
, T.
Kodama
, Y.
Won
, S.
Dogbe
, S.
Pan
, and K. E.
Goodson
, Carbon
50
, 3789
(2012
).11.
V. V.
Shastry
, U.
Ramamurty
, and A.
Misra
, Carbon
50
, 4373
(2012
).12.
L.
Lattanzi
, J. R.
Raney
, L.
De Nardo
, A.
Misra
, and C.
Daraio
, J. Appl. Phys.
111
, 074314
(2012
).13.
J. R.
Raney
, F.
Fraternali
, and C.
Daraio
, Nanotechnology
24
, 255707
(2013
).14.
M. S.
Kiran
, U.
Ramamurty
, and A.
Misra
, Nanotechnology
24
, 015707
(2013
).15.
H.
Radhakrishnan
, S. D.
Mesarovic
, A.
Qiu
, and D. F.
Bahr
, Int. J. Solids Struct.
50
, 2224
(2013
).16.
J. R.
Raney
, A.
Misra
, and C.
Daraio
, Carbon
49
, 3631
(2011
).17.
A.
Misra
, J. R.
Raney
, L.
De Nardo
, A. E.
Craig
, and C.
Daraio
, ACS Nano
5
, 7713
(2011
).18.
J. R.
Raney
, F.
Fraternali
, A.
Amendola
, and C.
Daraio
, Compos. Struct.
93
, 3013
(2011
).19.
X.
Yu
, R.
Rajamani
, K. A.
Stelson
, and T.
Cui
, Sens. Actuators, A
132
, 626
(2006
).20.
R.
Chowdhury
, S.
Adhikari
, and J.
Mitchell
, Physica E
42
, 104
(2009
).21.
X.
Gui
, J.
Wei
, K.
Wang
, A.
Cao
, H.
Zhu
, Y.
Jia
, Q.
Shu
, and D.
Wu
, Adv. Mater.
22
, 617
(2010
).22.
M.
Warner
and S. F.
Edwards
, Europhys. Lett.
5
, 623
(1988
).23.
M. A.
Dawson
, G. H.
Mckinley
, and L. J.
Gibson
, J. Appl. Mech.
75
, 041015
(2008
).24.
M. A.
Dawson
, G. H.
Mckinley
, and L. J.
Gibson
, J. Appl. Mech.
76
, 061011
(2009
).25.
L. J.
Gibson
and M. F.
Ashby
, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press
, 1997
).26.
N. N.
Cheng
, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
47
, 3285
(2008
).27.
A.
Qiu
and D. F.
Bahr
, Carbon
55
, 335
(2013
).28.
S. K.
Reddy
, A.
Suri
, and A.
Misra
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
102
, 241919
(2013
).29.
F. W.
Delrio
, M. P.
De Boer
, J. A.
Knapp
, E. D.
Reedy
, P. J.
Clews
, and M. L.
Dunn
, Nature Mater.
4
, 629
(2005
).30.
A. A.
Kuznetsov
, A. F.
Fonseca
, R. H.
Baughman
, and A. A.
Zakhidov
, ACS Nano
5
, 985
(2011
).31.
A. F.
Gilvaei
, K.
Hirahara
, and Y.
Nakayama
, Carbon
49
, 4928
(2011
).32.
L. A.
Bulavin
, N. I.
Lebovka
, Yu. A.
Kyslyi
, S. V.
Khrapatyi
, A. I.
Goncharuk
, I. A.
Mel'nyk
, and V. I.
Koval'chuk
, Ukr. J. Phys.
56
, 217
(2011
), available at http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/56/3/560302p.pdf.33.
P. P. S. S.
Abadi
, M. R.
Maschmann
, S. M.
Mortuza
, S.
Banerjee
, J. W.
Baur
, S.
Graham
, and B. A.
Cola
, Carbon
69
, 178
(2014
).34.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4881843 for the derivation of the expression for viscosity of water-glycerol mixture as a function of glycerol concentration.
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
