We demonstrate the direct detection of spontaneous polarization in the wurtzite crystal phase of gallium-arsenide (GaAs) nanowires. Using differential phase contrast microscopy (DPC) in a scanning transmission electron microscope, we map the differences in charge distribution between the zinc-blende and wurtzite crystal phases and use twin defects in the zinc-blende phase to quantify the polarization strength. The value of 2.7 × 10−3 C/m2 found for the polarization strength matches well with theoretical predictions.
REFERENCES
1.
V. G.
Dubrovskii
and N. V.
Sibirev
, Phys. Rev. B
77
, 035414
(2008
).2.
S.
Noor Mohammad
, J. Appl. Phys.
110
, 084310
(2011
).3.
M.
Rosini
and R.
Magri
, ACS Nano
4
, 6021
(2010
).4.
J. P.
Boulanger
and R. R.
LaPierre
, J. Cryst. Growth
332
, 21
(2011
).5.
Y. A.
Du
, S.
Sakong
, and P.
Kratzer
, Phys. Rev. B
87
, 075308
(2013
).6.
C.-Y.
Yeh
, Z. W.
Lu
, S.
Froyen
, and A.
Zunger
, Phys. Rev. B
46
, 10086
(1992
).7.
R.
Gurwitz
, A.
Tavor
, L.
Karpeles
, I.
Shalish
, W.
Yi
, G.
Seryogin
, and V.
Narayanamurti
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
100
, 191602
(2012
).8.
M. I.
McMahon
and R. J.
Nelmes
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
95
, 215505
(2005
).9.
A.
Belabbes
, J.
Furthmüller
, and F.
Bechstedt
, Phys. Rev. B
87
, 035305
(2013
).10.
J.
Lähnemann
, O.
Brandt
, U.
Jahn
, C.
Pfüller
, C.
Roder
, P.
Dogan
, F.
Grosse
, A.
Belabbes
, F.
Bechstedt
, A.
Trampert
, and L.
Geelhaar
, Phys. Rev. B
86
, 081302
(2012
).11.
S. C.
Jain
, M.
Willander
, J.
Narayan
, and R.
Van Overstraeten
, J. Appl. Phys.
87
, 965
(2000
).12.
D. A. B.
Miller
, D. S.
Chemla
, T. C.
Damen
, A. C.
Gossard
, W.
Wiegmann
, T. H.
Wood
, and C. A.
Burrus
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
53
, 2173
(1984
).13.
U.
Jahn
, J.
Lähnemann
, C.
Pfüller
, O.
Brandt
, S.
Breuer
, B.
Jenichen
, M.
Ramsteiner
, L.
Geelhaar
, and H.
Riechert
, Phys. Rev. B
85
, 045323
(2012
).14.
J.
Chapman
, P.
Batson
, E.
Waddell
, and R.
Ferrier
, Ultramicroscopy
3
, 203
(1978
).15.
M.
Lohr
, R.
Schregle
, M.
Jetter
, C.
Wächter
, T.
Wunderer
, F.
Scholz
, and J.
Zweck
, Ultramicroscopy
117
, 7
(2012
).16.
N.
Shibata
, S. D.
Findlay
, Y.
Kohno
, H.
Sawada
, Y.
Kondo
, and Y.
Ikuhara
, Nature Phys.
8
, 611
(2012
).17.
The linear proportionality between E × t and signal intensity is based on the approximation, which holds true as the deflection angle in our case is in the mrad range or below.
18.
M.
Soda
, A.
Rudolph
, D.
Schuh
, J.
Zweck
, D.
Bougeard
, and E.
Reiger
, Phys. Rev. B
85
, 245450
(2012
).19.
K.
Müller
, “On the measurement of atomic scale electric fields
,” private communication (2014
).20.
D. D.
Nolte
, in Properties of Gallium Arsenide,
3rd ed., edited by M. R.
Brozel
and G. E.
Stillmann
(INSPEC
, 1995
), Vol. 16
, p. 201
.21.
A.
Rudolph
, M.
Soda
, M.
Kiessling
, T.
Wojtowicz
, D.
Schuh
, W.
Wegscheider
, J.
Zweck
, C.
Back
, and E.
Reiger
, Nano Lett.
9
, 3860
(2009
).22.
A.
Fontcuberta i Morral
, D.
Spirkoska
, J.
Arbiol
, M.
Heigoldt
, J. R.
Morante
, and G.
Abstreiter
, Small
4
, 899
(2008
).23.
D.
Spirkoska
, G.
Abstreiter
, and A.
Fontcuberta i Morral
, Semicond. Sci. Technol.
24
, 113001
(2009
).24.
M. J.
Tambe
, L. F.
Allard
, and S.
Gradečak
, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
209
, 012033
(2010
).© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.