A major bottleneck in microscopic imaging is the limited lateral resolution due to the diffraction of light. To overcome this limit, here we demonstrate the upconversion process in rare earth doped nanoparticles (RE:NPs), which may serve as an original fluorescence-source mechanism. RE:NPs have been reported to serve as efficient bio-labels for cellular and small animal imaging. In this work, we demonstrate that non-linearity of upconversion allows achieving high lateral resolution in the images using multiphoton microscopy, demonstrating significant improvement in lateral resolution, using low pumping laser power. This new technique may serve as another approach for high-resolution optical imaging.
REFERENCES
1.
E.
Abbe
, Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie
9
, 469
(1873
).2.
E.
Betzig
, G. H.
Patterson
, R.
Sougrat
, O. W.
Lindwasser
, S.
Olenych
, J. S.
Bonifacino
, M. W.
Davidson
, J.
Lippincott-Schwartz
, and H. F.
Hess
, Science
313
, 1642
(2006
).3.
M. J.
Rust
, M.
Bates
, and X.
Zhuang
, Nature Meth.
3
, 793
(2006
).4.
T. A.
Klar
, E.
Engel
, and S. W.
Hell
, Phys. Rev. E
64
, 066613
(2001
).5.
T. A.
Klar
, S.
Jakobs
, M.
Dyba
, A.
Egner
, and S. W.
Hell
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
97
, 8206
(2000
).6.
D. K.
Chatterjee
, M. K.
Gnanasammandhan
, and Y.
Zhang
, Small
6
, 2781
(2010
).7.
M.
Nyk
, R.
Kumar
, T. Y.
Ohulchanskyy
, E. J.
Bergey
, and P. N.
Prasad
, Nano Lett.
8
, 3834
(2008
).8.
D. H.
Kim
and J. U.
Kang
, in Microscopy: Science, Technology, Applications and Education Microscopy Book Series
, edited by A.
Méndez-Vilas
and J.
Diaz
(Formatex Research Center
, Badajoz, Spain
, 2010
), Vol. 1
, p. 571
.9.
Z.
Li
, Y.
Zhang
, and S.
Jiang
, Adv. Mater.
20
, 4765
(2008
).10.
F.
Wang
, R.
Deng
, J.
Wang
, Q.
Wang
, Y.
Han
, H.
Zhu
, X.
Chen
, and X.
Liu
, Nature Mater.
10
, 968
(2011
).11.
F.
Wang
and X.
Liu
, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
130
, 5642
(2008
).12.
N. M.
Idris
, M. K.
Gnanasammandhan
, J.
Zhang
, P. C.
Ho
, R.
Mahendran
, and Y.
Zhang
, Nature Med.
18
, 1580
(2012
).13.
F.
Vetrone
and J. A.
Capobianco
, Int. J. Nanotechnol.
5
, 1306
(2008
).14.
S.
Wu
, G.
Han
, D. J.
Milliron
, S.
Aloni
, V.
Altoe
, D. V.
Talapin
, B. E.
Cohen
, and P. J.
Schuck
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
106
, 10917
(2009
).15.
M.
Yu
, F.
Li
, Z.
Chen
, H.
Hu
, C.
Zhan
, H.
Yang
, and C.
Huang
, Anal. Chem.
81
, 930
(2009
).16.
Y. F.
Wang
, X.
Fan
, and M.
Wang
, Nanotechnology
17
, 1527
(2006
).17.
Y.
Mita
, J. Appl. Phys.
43
, 1772
(1972
).18.
M.
Pollnau
, D. R.
Gamelin
, S. R.
Lüthi
, H. U.
Güdel
, and M. P.
Hehlen
, Phys. Rev. B
61
, 3337
(2000
).19.
J. F.
Suyver
, J.
Grimm
, K. W.
Krämer
, and H. U.
Güdel
, J. Lumin.
114
, 53
(2005
).20.
F.
Auzel
, Chem. Rev.
104
, 139
(2004
).21.
V.
Mahalingam
, F.
Vetrone
, R.
Naccache
, A.
Speghini
, and J. A.
Capobianco
, J. Mater. Chem.
19
, 3149
(2009
).22.
23.
W. R.
Zipfel
, R. M.
Williams
, and W. W.
Webb
, Nat. Biotechnol.
21
, 1369
(2003
).24.
V.
Schweikhard
, A.
Grubisic
, T. A.
Baker
, and D. J.
Nesbitt
, J. Phys. Chem. C
115
, 83
(2011
).25.
S. W.
Hell
, K.
Bahlmann
, M.
Schrader
, A.
Soini
, H. M.
Malak
, I.
Gryczynski
, and J. R.
Lakowicz
, J. Biomed. Opt.
1
, 71
(1996
).26.
S. W.
Hell
, M.
Schrader
, and H. T. M.
Van Der Voort
, J. Microsc.
187
, 1
(1997
).27.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4800445 for synthesis, characterization (X ray data, Dynanmic light scattering), experimental set up and upconversion intensity dependence with the NIR excitation power.
© 2013 American Institute of Physics.
2013
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.