Bright soliton dynamics for seventh degree nonlinear systems with higher-order dispersion

Guo, Yunsong; Cheng, Quan; Okacha, Yahia; Ahmed, Karmand Abdulla; Wang, Ying; Wang, Wei

doi:10.1063/5.0054195

In this study, we investigate the typical systems modeled by the (3 + 1)-dimensional as well as (1 + 1)-dimensional Schrödinger equations incorporating third-order dispersion effects, higher-order scattering effects, and cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinear interactions. We use the F-expansion method and the self-similar method to solve the higher-order Schrödinger equation for one-dimensional and three-dimensional settings, respectively, identifying typical bright soliton solutions under appropriate system settings. The bright soliton features are demonstrated analytically in regions around the soliton peak region. Pictorial bright soliton features are demonstrated for the three-dimensional setting as well as one-dimensional setting. Our work shows the applicability of the theoretical treatment utilized in studying bright soliton dynamics for systems with third-order dispersion and seventh degree nonlinearity.

I. INTRODUCTION

Due to the balance of the dispersion effect and scattering effect,^1–3 solitons exhibit robust stability in the process of propagation and interaction.⁴ It is an extremely important phenomenon in modern physics, which has attracted extensive attention in theoretical and experimental research due to its unique properties. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is an appropriate choice for theoretical study of soliton behavior and plays an important role in nonlinear optics,^5,6 condensed matter physics,^7,8 and plasma physics.^9,10 Specifically, when the dispersion effects of the NLSE are considered up to the third order, besides the cubic–fifth degree nonlinearity (in the atomic system) caused by the two-body and three-body effects,¹¹ the nonlinearity up to the seventh degree^12–15 by incorporating the multi-body effect should be considered. In addition, the multi-body effect of the quantum system should also be considered, so the higher-order scattering effect should be incorporated.

In this work, we study the (3 + 1)-dimensional as well as (1 + 1)-dimensional higher-order Schrödinger equations incorporating the third-order dispersion effect and the cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinear interaction,¹⁶ and we use the F-expansion^17,18 method and the self-similar method^19–21 to solve the three-dimensional as well as one-dimensional higher-order NLSE under appropriate parametric settings. We first identify the bright soliton solutions by deriving the one-dimensional solution of the bright soliton type, then the three-dimensional bright soliton solution is identified, and we then derive the key characteristics of bright solitons around the location of the soliton peak, demonstrating typical bright soliton features. The obtained analytical results can be used to guide the experimental detection of bright solitons in (3 + 1)-dimensional as well as (1 + 1)-dimensional systems with high-order dispersion and seventh degree nonlinear effects.

This work is organized as follows: in Sec. II, the third-order NLSE incorporating cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinearity and high-order dispersion terms is analyzed, followed by the introduction of the F-expansion method. In Sec. III, we use the F-expansion method to solve such a NLSE in the one-dimensional setting, with typical bright soliton analytical features demonstrated and pictorially displayed. Section IV presents the derivation of the bright soliton solution of this category of NLSE in the three-dimensional setting, with typical bright soliton features pictorially demonstrated. Section V presents typical application scenario demonstration of our work and stability analysis of our derived bright soliton solutions. Section VI gives the conclusion remarks.

II. NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION MODEL AND F-EXPANSION METHOD

A. Nonlinear Schrödinger equation involving cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinearity and higher-order dispersion terms

Incorporating higher-order dispersion and cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinear interaction effects, the (1 + 1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation is expressed as follows:

\begin{align} i \frac{\partial ψ (x, t)}{\partial t} + a_{1} \frac{\partial^{2} ψ (x, t)}{\partial x^{2}} + i a_{2} \frac{\partial^{3} ψ (x, t)}{\partial x^{3}} + b_{1} | ψ (x, t) |^{2} ψ (x, t) \\ + b_{2} | ψ (x, t) |^{4} ψ (x, t) + b_{3} | ψ (x, t) |^{6} ψ (x, t) \\ = i (λ_{1} \frac{\partial | ψ (x, t) |^{2} ψ (x, t)}{\partial x} + λ_{2} \frac{\partial | ψ (x, t) |^{4} ψ (x, t)}{\partial x}) \\ (+ λ_{3} \frac{\partial | ψ (x, t) |^{6} ψ (x, t)}{\partial x}) . \end{align}

(1)

The function ψ(x, t) denotes the complex valued function of x and t, where x and t denote the space and time coordinates, respectively, in cold atomic systems for example. Additionally, t denotes the spatial coordinate, and x denotes time in the optical system. a₁ and a₂ denote second and third-order dispersion coefficients, respectively. Furthermore, b₁, b₂, and b₃ denote the parameters of the cubic, fifth degree, and seventh degree nonlinear interactions that are attributed to two-body and three-body effects, respectively, in the atomic system. The parameters λ₁, λ₂, and λ₃ denote the coefficients of the leading and higher-order scattering terms. To proceed, we give a general introduction of the F-expansion method to be used.

B. F-expansion method

In order to solve Eq. (1), we use the F-expansion method, which solves the nonlinear partial differential equation taking the following form:

H (u, u_{t}, u_{x}, u_{x x}, \dots) = 0 .

(2)

Equation (2) is expressed as the polynomial of an unknown function u(x, t) and its partial derivatives of various orders. The unknown function u(x, t) is to be expressed by the polynomial of base-function F(ξ), with F(ξ) defined as a function of ξ = px + qt as

\begin{align} {(\frac{d F (ξ)}{d ξ})}^{2} & = a_{n} F^{n} (ξ) + a_{n - 1} F^{n - 1} (ξ) + \dots + a_{3} F^{3} (ξ) \\ + a_{2} F^{2} (ξ) + a_{1} F (ξ) + a_{0}, n \geq 4, \end{align}

(3)

where n, n − 1, and …, a₃, a₂, a₁, and a₀ are constants. Furthermore, if we differentiate both sides of Eq. (3) with respect to ξ, we obtain the transformed equation for F(ξ) as

\begin{align} 2 \frac{d^{2}}{d ξ^{2}} F (ξ) & = n a_{n} F^{n - 1} (ξ) + (n - 1) a_{n - 1} F^{n - 2} (ξ) + \dots \\ + 3 a_{3} F^{2} (ξ) + 2 a_{2} F (ξ) + a_{1} . \end{align}

(4)

u(x, t) is expressed as

u (x, t) = \sum_{i = 0}^{m} h_{i} (t) F^{i} (ξ), h_{m} (t) \neq 0,

(5)

where usually h_i(t) is just a parametric constant (also constant in this work) h_i, which is to be determined by the ensuing equation solving steps. By substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (2) and using Eq. (3) or Eq. (4), we reach the polynomial in terms of F(ξ) and F(ξ) times dF(ξ)/dξ. m is set by balancing between the highest-order nonlinear term and highest-order differential term. For example, if in Eq. (2), the highest order for the nonlinear term is k (k ≥ 2, nonlinear term u^k, for example), the highest-order for the differential term is r (⁠ $\frac{d^{r} u}{d x^{r}}$ ⁠, for example), we need at least two highest order terms F^s of order s in Eq. (2) by substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (2) and utilizing formula (4) or (5), so that h_m can be nonzero. The highest order (of $F^{s_{1}}$ ⁠) from the nonlinear term is s₁ = km, the highest order (of $F^{s_{2}}$ ⁠) from the differential term is s₂ = r(n/2 − 1) + m, by letting s₁ = s₂ = km = r(n/2 − 1) + m, we can solve for m. For example, for a traditional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation and n = 4 in definition (3), the solution is m = 1 [so that ansatz for u(x, t) is u(x, t) = h₁F(ξ) + h₀]. The resultant analytical form for Eq. (2) is a polynomial of F on the left-hand side (LHS) and zero on the right-hand side, and the coefficients of the LHS polynomial are expressions of h_i(t) and a_i.

In order to solve Eq. (2), the coefficients of all terms are set to zero. This generates a series of ordinary differential equations [ODEs, for functions h_i(t)] or algebraic equations (for parameters h_i), whose solutions determine the formulation of Eq. (5), so that Eq. (1) is solved accordingly. According to the definitions (4) and (5) of the base function F(ξ), it is of elliptical function feature in most scenarios with its precise analytical form determined by the coefficient values solved by the ODEs mentioned above.

III. SOLITON SOLUTION FOR (1 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL NLSE WITH SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEARITY AND HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

We consider the traveling wave solution format of Eq. (1) as follows:

Ψ (x, t) = φ (ξ) e^{i (A t + B x)},

(6)

where ξ = px + qt, A, B, p, and q are constants to be determined. φ is the modulus of wave function Ψ, that is φ = |Ψ|. Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (1), the expressions of each differential term take the following form:

Ψ_{x} = (p φ^{'} + i B φ) e^{i (A t + B x)},

(7a)

Ψ_{x x} = (p^{2} φ^{″} + 2 i B p φ^{'} - B^{2} φ) e^{i (A t + B x)},

(7b)

Ψ_{x x x} = (p^{3} φ ‴ + 3 i p^{2} B φ^{″} - 3 p B^{2} φ^{'} - i B^{3} φ) e^{i (A t + B x)},

(7c)

i Ψ_{t} = (i q φ^{'} - A φ) e^{i (A t + B x)},

(7d)

where $φ^{'} = \frac{d φ}{d ξ}$ and $φ^{″} = \frac{d^{2} φ}{d ξ^{2}}$ ⁠. Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (1), the real part equation of Eq. (1) is

\begin{align} (b + λ_{1} B) φ^{3} + λ_{2} B φ^{5} + λ_{3} B φ^{7} - [A + a B^{2} + γ B^{3}] φ \\ + [a p^{2} + 3 γ B p^{2}] φ^{″} = 0 . \end{align}

(8)

The imaginary part of Eq. (1) takes the following form:

\begin{align} 3 λ_{1} p φ^{2} φ^{'} + 5 λ_{2} p φ^{4} φ^{'} + 7 λ_{3} p φ^{6} φ^{'} - [q + 2 a p B + 3 p B^{2} γ] φ^{'} \\ + γ p^{3} φ^{‴} = 0 . \end{align}

(9)

With the appropriate choice of constants A and q such that A + aB² + γB² = 0 in Eq. (8), and in Eq. (9), q + 2apB + 3pB²γ = 0. At the same time, choosing an appropriate value of p,

γ p = a + 3 γ B .

(10)

Equations (8) and (9) are self-consistent and are unified as the following equation:

φ^{″} = β_{1} φ^{3} + β_{2} φ^{5} + β_{3} φ^{7},

(11)

where

β_{1} = - \frac{b + λ_{1} B}{a p^{2} + 3 γ B p^{2}}, β_{2} = - \frac{λ_{2} B}{a p^{2} + 3 γ B p^{2}}, β_{3} = - \frac{λ_{3} B}{a p^{2} + 3 γ B p^{2}} .

(12)

Utilizing $φ^{″} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{d {(φ^{'})}^{2}}{d φ}$ and with the following definition:

w = φ^{- 2} = | u |^{- 2} .

(13)

After integration (we require that the integration constant is zero, since ξ → 0, φ → 0, and $\frac{d φ}{d ξ} \to 0$ ⁠), Eq. (11) is transformed to the following form:

\sqrt{\frac{w}{{(w - c_{1})}^{2} - c_{2}^{2}}} d w = c_{3} d ξ,

(14)

where $c_{1} = - \frac{β_{2}}{2 β_{1}}, c_{2} = \frac{β_{3}}{β_{1}} - \frac{β_{2}^{2}}{4 β_{1}^{2}}, c_{3} = 2 β_{1}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ ⁠, and it can be seen that w is symmetrical about axis ξ = 0 in Eq. (14), when ξ varies from 0 to +∞, w(ξ) monotonically increases from the minimum value c₁ + c₂ to infinity, according to Eq. (13), φ monotonically decreases from the maximum value $\sqrt{\frac{1}{c_{1} + c_{2}}}$ at ξ = 0 to the zero value when ξ → ∞, which are typical features of bright solitons. Such a bright soliton feature is visually shown (in Fig. 1) via numerical evaluation of Eq. (14). According to the traveling wave ansatz [analytical solution (6)] of φ, the solution of φ is just a bright soliton solution (with a positive peak of a constant shape and tends to zero as ξ → 0, which is the feature of bright soliton).

FIG. 1.

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Plot of one-dimensional bright soliton solution |ψ| from Eq. (15) vs ξ for c₁ = 2, c₂ = 1, and c₃ = 3.0.

When ξ → 0, w → c₁ + c₂, near ξ = 0, ignoring higher-order terms of ξ, the approximate analytical form of Eq. (14) is

\sqrt{\frac{c_{1} + c_{2}}{{(w - c_{1})}^{2} - c_{2}^{2}}} d w = c_{3} d ξ .

(15)

The approximate analytical solution of Eq. (15), that is, Eq. (14), is

φ = w^{- \frac{1}{2}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{1}{c_{1} + c_{2}}} {s e c h}^{\frac{1}{2}} (c_{3} ξ) .

(16)

It is just the classical form of solution of the bright soliton category, which is a traveling wave with stable shape that comes into being by the balance between nonlinear and dispersion effects with the center peak possessing the highest positive amplitude. Figure 1 shows the bright soliton solution plot for |ψ| by numerically evaluating Eq. (14) with a typical setting of c_i(i = 1, 2, 3). With such a typical bright soliton solution for one-dimensional Eq. (1), we can build its three-dimensional solution based on the self-similar method, which will be studied in Sec. IV.

We use the $\frac{G}{G^{'}}$ method²² to verify the correctness of our analytical solution. Let $U = \frac{G}{G^{'}} = - 2 \frac{φ^{'}}{φ}$ ⁠,

U^{'} = \frac{G G^{″} - {(G^{'})}^{2}}{G^{2}} = - 2 \frac{φ φ^{″} - {(φ^{'})}^{2}}{φ^{2}} .

(17)

For bright solitons near ξ = 0, φ′ = 0, the above formula expands Taylor near ξ = 0, φ = c_v, and we can get

U^{'} = \frac{G G^{″} - {(G^{'})}^{2}}{G^{2}} ≃ φ^{4} (c_{g} + C_{n} {(φ - c_{v})}^{2} + \dots) ≃ c_{g} φ^{4} .

(18)

It is not difficult to get

G = φ^{- 2} = \cosh (c_{3} ξ),

(19)

where $c_{v} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{c_{1} + c_{2}}}$ ⁠. Equation (19) is equivalent to Eq. (16). Therefore, comparing with the formula [Eq. (16)] from the F-expansion method, it is verified that the same result is obtained by the $(\frac{G^{'}}{G})$ method.

IV. BRIGHT SOLITON BEHAVIOR OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM WITH HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

Incorporating the third-order dispersion and seventh degree nonlinear effects, the three-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which is the three-dimensional analog of Eq. (1), takes the following form:

\begin{align} i \frac{\partial ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial t} + i ω_{1} \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \frac{\partial^{3} ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial x_{i}^{3}} + ω_{2} \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \frac{\partial^{2} ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial x_{i}^{2}} \\ + g_{0} | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{2} ψ (\vec{r}, t) + g_{1} | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{4} ψ (\vec{r}, t) + g_{2} | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{6} ψ (\vec{r}, t) \\ + g_{0}^{'} \frac{\partial | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{2} ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial (\vec{n} \cdot \vec{r})} + g_{1}^{'} \frac{\partial | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{4} ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial (\vec{n} \cdot \vec{r})} \\ + (g_{2}^{'} \frac{\partial | ψ (\vec{r}, t) |^{6} ψ (\vec{r}, t)}{\partial (\vec{n} \cdot \vec{r})}) = 0, \end{align}

(20)

where $\vec{n}$ is the velocity direction vector of system flow, (x₁, x₂, x₃) = (x, y, z). To solve Eq. (20), We consider its self-similar ansatz (analytical solution, …) of the form $ψ (\vec{r}, t) = ψ_{3 D} (\vec{r}, t)$ as follows:

ψ_{3 D} (\vec{r}, t) = ψ_{1 D} (ν (x, y, z), τ (t)) e^{i A^{'} (x, y, z)},

(21)

where ψ_1D(ν(x, y, z), τ(t)) = φ(pν(x, y, z) + qτ(t))e^{i(Aτ(t)+Bν(x,y,z))} is the analytical solution of one-dimensional analog (1) of Eq. (20), and φ = |ψ_1D| is the modulus of ψ_1D.

Substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20), we obtain

\begin{align} i \frac{\partial (τ (t))}{\partial t} \frac{\partial ψ_{1 D} (ν, t)}{\partial τ} + i \sum_{i = 1}^{3} ω_{1} {(\frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}})}^{3} \frac{\partial^{3} ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν^{3}} \\ + \sum_{i = 1}^{3} (- 3 ω_{1} \frac{\partial A^{'}}{\partial x_{i}} + ω_{2}) {(\frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}})}^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν^{2}} \\ + i \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \{- 3 ω_{1} [\frac{\partial^{2} A^{'}}{\partial x_{i}^{2}} + {(\frac{\partial A^{'}}{\partial x_{i}})}^{2}] + 2 ω_{2} \frac{\partial A^{'}}{\partial x_{i}}\} \frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}} \frac{\partial ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν} \\ + g_{0} | ψ_{1 D} |^{2} ψ_{1 D} + g_{1} | ψ_{1 D} |^{4} ψ_{1 D} + g_{2} | ψ_{1 D} |^{6} ψ_{1 D} \\ + g_{0}^{'} \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \frac{1}{n_{i}} \frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}} \frac{\partial | ψ_{1 D} |^{2} ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν} + g_{1}^{'} \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \frac{1}{n_{i}} \frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}} \frac{\partial | ψ_{1 D} |^{4} ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν} \\ + g_{2}^{'} \sum_{i = 1}^{3} \frac{1}{n_{i}} \frac{\partial ν}{\partial x_{i}} \frac{\partial | ψ_{1 D} |^{6} ψ_{1 D}}{\partial ν} = 0 . \end{align}

(22)

The self-similar formulation requires that Eq. (22) has the same form as Eq. (1), so the coefficient of the first derivative of ψ_1D with respect to ν in Eq. (22) must be zero, this requires that A′(x, y, z) and ν(x, y, z) are linear functions of x, y, z, and τ(t) is a linear function of t as follows:

A^{'} (x, y, z) = n_{1} x + n_{2} y + n_{3} z,

(23)

ν (x, y, z) = k_{1} x + k_{2} y + k_{3} z,

(24)

τ (t) = t .

(25)

Substituting Eqs. (24) and (25) into Eq. (21), we obtain the following one-dimensional equation that ψ_1D satisfies:

\begin{align} i \frac{\partial ψ_{1 D} (ν, t)}{\partial t} + i ω_{1}^{'} \frac{\partial^{3} ψ_{1 D} (ν, t)}{\partial ν^{3}} + ω_{2}^{'} \frac{\partial^{2} ψ_{1 D} (ν, t)}{\partial ν^{2}} + i ω_{3}^{'} \frac{\partial ψ_{1 D} (ν, t)}{\partial ν} \\ + g_{0} | ψ_{1 D} |^{2} ψ_{1 D} + g_{1} | ψ_{1 D} |^{4} ψ_{1 D} + g_{2} | ψ_{1 D} |^{6} ψ_{1 D} \\ + g_{0}^{'} (\frac{k_{1}}{n_{1}} + \frac{k_{2}}{n_{2}} + \frac{k_{3}}{n_{3}}) (| ψ_{1 D} |^{2} ψ_{1 D}) + g_{1}^{'} (\frac{k_{1}}{n_{1}} + \frac{k_{2}}{n_{2}} + \frac{k_{3}}{n_{3}}) \\ \times (| ψ_{1 D} |^{4} ψ_{1 D}) + g_{2}^{'} (\frac{k_{1}}{n_{1}} + \frac{k_{2}}{n_{2}} + \frac{k_{3}}{n_{3}}) (| ψ_{1 D} |^{6} ψ_{1 D}) = 0, \end{align}

(26)

where

ω_{1}^{'} = ω (k_{1}^{3} + k_{2}^{3} + k_{3}^{3}),

(27a)

ω_{2}^{'} = - 3 ω_{1} a (n_{1} k_{1}^{2} + n_{1} k_{2}^{2} + n_{1} k_{3}^{2}) + ω_{2} (k_{1}^{2} + k_{2}^{2} + k_{3}^{2}),

(27b)

\begin{align} ω_{3}^{'} = - 3 ω_{1} a^{2} (n_{1} k_{1}^{2} + n_{1} k_{2}^{2} + n_{1} k_{3}^{2}) + 2 ω_{2} a (n_{1} k_{1} + n_{2} k_{2} + n_{3} k_{3}) = 0 . \end{align}

(27c)

The degree of freedom for $\vec{n}$ is 2, and we can choose the direction of $\vec{n}$ as (1, 0, 0); Eq. (27c) becomes

- k_{1} a (4 a^{2} + 3 a - 2) = 0 .

(28)

The solution of the above equation is a = 0.425. ψ_1D has the form of analytical solution of one-dimensional equation [Eq. (1)], so^19–21

\begin{align} ψ_{3 D} (\vec{r}, t) & = ψ_{1 D} (ν (x, y, z), t) e^{i [(d k_{1} + a) x + d k_{2} y + d k_{3} z + B t]} \\ = ψ_{1 D} [((p k_{1} x + p k_{2} y + p k_{3} z) + q t)] \\ \times e^{i [(d k_{1} + a) x + d k_{2} y + d k_{3} z + B t]}, \end{align}

(29)

where q, d, and B are constants determined by the initial conditions of the system. ψ_1D is the form of bright soliton solution. When pν + qt → 0, $ψ_{1 D} \propto {s e c h}^{\frac{1}{2}} [d_{2} (p ν + q t)]$ ⁠, so $ψ_{3 D} \propto s e c h [(p k_{1} x + p k_{2} y + p k_{3} z) + (q t)] e^{i [(d k_{1} + a) x + d k_{2} y + d k_{3} z + B t]}$ ⁠. The precise waveforms are shown in Fig. 2 by precise numerical evaluation of self-similar ansatz ψ_1D. From Eq. (29), we can see that the flow velocity is along the direction of $(ψ_{3 D} \nabla ψ_{3 D}^{*} - ψ_{3 D}^{*} \nabla ψ_{3 D}) \propto (d k_{1} + a, d k_{2}, d k_{3}) = {\vec{n}}_{v}$ ⁠, the peak moving velocity is along the direction ${\vec{n}}_{p} \propto (k_{1}, k_{2}, k_{3})$ ⁠, and ${\vec{n}}_{f}$ and ${\vec{n}}_{p}$ are generally non-collinear, so solution (29) is truly a three-dimensional solution.

FIG. 2.

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Plot of three-dimensional bright soliton solution |ψ_3D| from Eq. (29) vs x and y + z for $k_{1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ and $k_{2} = k_{3} = - \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ ⁠.

V. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SOLITON DYNAMICS IN SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

The seventh degree nonlinearity related analysis has important applications in the non-Kerr medium, where the propagation of optical pulse with ultrashort femtosecond features has the following form:¹⁶

\begin{align} E_{t} & = i α_{l} E_{t t} + i γ_{1} {|E|}^{2} E + α_{2} {({|E|}^{2} E)}_{t} + α_{3} E_{t t t} + i α_{4} E_{t t t t} \\ + α_{5} {({|E|}^{2})}_{t} E + i γ_{2} {|E|}^{4} E + α_{6} {({|E|}^{4} E)}_{t} + α_{7} {({|E|}^{4})}_{t} E \\ + i γ_{3} {|E|}^{6} E + α_{8} {({|E|}^{6} E)}_{t} + α_{9} {({|E|}^{6})}_{t} E . \end{align}

(30)

This (1 + 1)-dimensional equation [Eq. (30)] (with seventh degree nonlinearity but with only second-order dispersion) is very similar to the (1 + 1)-dimensional equation model presented in this work. In addition, the bright soliton profile of the complex value electric field E in Eq. (30) as shown in Fig. 3 in the non-Kerr medium work¹⁶ is very similar to that shown in Fig. 1 of this work.

With regard to the applicability of our theoretical analysis to experimental observation, it is important to perform some stability analysis of the base bright soliton solution |ψ_1D| = φ≃ in Eq. (16), with φ’s amplitude $I (λ_{1}, λ_{2}, λ_{3}) ≃ \sqrt{\frac{1}{c_{1} + c_{2}}}$ ⁠, soliton peak distribution width $δ \approx \frac{1}{p c_{3}}$ ⁠. According to the analytical expressions for c₁, c₂, and c₃ following Eq. (14), δ only depends on the cubic nonlinearity constant λ₁ via c₃ through β₁, so it is stable relative to the variation of fifth degree and seventh degree nonlinear strength constants λ₂ and λ₃. This means that the soliton is stable (against wave shape spreading) relative to variations of quintic and seventh degree nonlinearity strength constants and combining Eq. (12), $\frac{\partial I}{\partial λ_{2}} \approx \frac{a p^{2}}{λ_{1}} {(c_{1} + c_{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}} \approx o ({(λ_{2})}^{- 3 / 2})$ ⁠, and $\frac{\partial I}{\partial λ_{3}} \approx \frac{a p^{2}}{λ_{1}} {(c_{1} + c_{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}} \approx o ({(λ_{3})}^{- 3 / 2})$ ⁠. Since β₂ ≪ β₁ (λ₂ ≪ λ₁) and β₃ ≪ β₁ (λ₃ ≪ λ₁), the soliton peak amplitude is more sensitive to the variation of fifth degree and seventh degree nonlinear strength constants. However, this will not affect the stability (determined by the sensitivity of δ, which is independent of λ₂ and λ₃) of the bright soliton solution ψ_1D derived in this work.

VI. CONCLUSION

In this study, we investigated the (3 + 1)-dimensional as well as (1 + 1)-dimensional higher-order cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with higher-order dispersion effects. We focused on identifying the bright soliton behavior of the system modeled by the higher-order NLSE. We use the F-expansion method and self-similar approach to determine the bright soliton solution. Through numerical evaluation of the inexplicit analytical form of the bright soliton solution, the typical bright soliton characteristics of the three-dimensional solution as well as the one-dimensional solution are identified, and then, the analytical expression of bright soliton solution around the peak region is derived analytically, with the exact characteristics of bright soliton solutions and stability feature illustrated. The theoretical results obtained from the NLSE model with seventh degree nonlinear interaction and the high-order dispersion effect can be used as an experimental guide for detecting the behavior of bright solitons in optical or ultracold atomic systems with seventh degree nonlinearity and higher-order dispersion.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Y.G. and Q.C. contributed equally to this work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (NSF) of China under Grant No. 11547024 and the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. KYCX20_3113.

DATA AVAILABILITY

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Our study is theoretical and analytical work of the corresponding theoretical models. We do not use previously published data in our work.

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Author(s)

Bright soliton dynamics for seventh degree nonlinear systems with higher-order dispersion

I. INTRODUCTION

II. NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION MODEL AND F-EXPANSION METHOD

A. Nonlinear Schrödinger equation involving cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinearity and higher-order dispersion terms

B. F-expansion method

III. SOLITON SOLUTION FOR (1 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL NLSE WITH SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEARITY AND HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

IV. BRIGHT SOLITON BEHAVIOR OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM WITH HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

V. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SOLITON DYNAMICS IN SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

VI. CONCLUSION

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

DATA AVAILABILITY

REFERENCES

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Bright soliton dynamics for seventh degree nonlinear systems with higher-order dispersion

I. INTRODUCTION

II. NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION MODEL AND F-EXPANSION METHOD

A. Nonlinear Schrödinger equation involving cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinearity and higher-order dispersion terms

B. F-expansion method

III. SOLITON SOLUTION FOR (1 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL NLSE WITH SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEARITY AND HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

IV. BRIGHT SOLITON BEHAVIOR OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM WITH HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION

V. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SOLITON DYNAMICS IN SEVENTH DEGREE NONLINEAR SYSTEM AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

VI. CONCLUSION

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

DATA AVAILABILITY

REFERENCES

Citing articles via

Resources

Explore

pubs.aip.org

Connect with AIP Publishing

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