Hierarchical biomaterials have their place in the context of developing novel material systems particularly in the framework of sustainability. The key to their development is in controlling their assembly into hierarchical orders at various lengthscales. Thus, flow can be an asset in e.g. controlling orientation, however, resolving the hierarchical orientation dynamics of such systems remains a challenge. We focus here mainly on cellulose nanocrystals water-based suspensions, however, the outline is representative of numerous nanostructured fluids.

1.
P.
Fratzl
,
R.
Weinkamer
,
Progress in Materials Science
,
52
(
8
),
1263
1334
(
2007
)
2.
Y.
Xu
, “Hierarchical Materials”, in
Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry (Second Edition)
, edited by
R.
Xu
and
Y.
Xu
(
Elsevier
,
2017
),
545
574
3.
M.
Eder
,
S.
Amini
,
P.
Fratzl
,
Science
362
,
543
547
(
2018
)
4.
R. R.
Naik
,
S.
Singamaneni
.
Chemical Reviews
117
(
20
):
12581
12583
(
2017
)
5.
S.
Preeti
,
M.
Kaiser
,
I.
Saiqa
,
A. K.
Pratheep
.
Innovation in Nano-Polysaccharides for Eco-Sustainability: From Science to Industrial Applications
.
Elsevier
;
2021
.
6.
N.
Mittal
,
F.
Ansari
,
K.
Gowda
.
V.C.
Brouzet
,
P.
Chen
,
P. T.
Larsson
,
S. V.
Roth
,
F.
Lundell
,
L.
Wågberg
,
N. A.
Kotov
,
L. D.
Söderberg
,
ACS Nano
12
,
6378
6388
(
2018
).
7.
R.
Kádár
,
S.
Spirk
,
T.
Nypelö
,
ACS Nano
,
15
,
7931
7945
(
2021
).
8.
S.
Pandit
,
K.
Gaska
,
V. R. S. S.
Mokkapati
,
E.
Celauro
,
A.
Derouiche
,
S.
Forsberg
,
M.
Svensson
,
R.
Kádár
,
I.
Mijakovic
,
Small
16
(
2020
).
9.
T.
Gkourmpis
,
K.
Gaska
,
D.
Tranchida
,
A.
Gitsas
,
C.
Müller
,
A.
Matic
,
R.
Kádár
Nanomaterials
9
(
12
), (
2019
)
10.
X.
Yang
,
C.
Guo
,
L.
Ji
,
Y.
Li
,
Y.
Tu
,
Langmuir
29
,
8103
8107
(
2013
).
11.
C.
Magnani
,
M.
Fazilati
,
R.
Kádár
,
A.
Idström
,
L.
Evenäs
,
J-M.
Raquez
,
G. Lo
Re
,
ACS Appl. Nano Mat.
5
,
4731
4743
(
2022
).
12.
S.
Shafiei-Sabet
,
W. Y.
Hamad
,
S. G.
Hatzikiriakos
,
Cellulose
21
,
3347
3359
(
2014
).
13.
R.
Kádár
,
M.
Fazilati
, &
T.
Nypelö
,
Cellulose
,
27
,
2003
2014
(
2020
).
14.
S.
Wojno
,
M.
Fazilati
,
T.
Nypelö
,
G.
Westman
,
R.
Kádár
,
Cellulose
29
,
3655
3673
(
2022
)
15.
S.
Wojno
,
A.
Ahlinder
,
A.
Altskär
,
M.
Stading
,
T.
Abitbol
,
R.
Kádár
,
Carbohydr. Polym.
308
,
120622
(
2023
).
16.
M.
Fazilati
,
S.
Ingelsten
,
S.
Wojno
,
T.
Nypelö
,
R.
Kádár
,
J. Rheol.
,
65
,
1035
1052
(
2021
).
17.
S.
Onogi
,
T.
Asada
(
1980
). ‘Rheology and rheo-optics of polymer liquid crystals’. In
Rheology: Volume 1: Principles
.
US
:
Springer
.
18.
A.D.
Haywood
,
K. M.
Weigandt
,
P.
Saha
,
M.
Noor
,
M. J.
Green
,
V.A.
Davis
.
Soft Matter
13
,
8451
8462
(
2017
)
19.
O. O.
Mykhaylyk
.
Soft Matter
6
,
4430
4440
(
2010
).
20.
A. Rodriguez
Palomo
,
V.
Lutz-Bueno
,
M.
Guizar-Sicairos
,
R.
Kádár
,
M.
Andersson
,
M.
Liebi
,
Addit. Manuf.
47
(
2021
).
21.
J.
Wychowaniec
,
M.
Iliut
,
B.
Borek
,
C.
Muryn
,
O. O.
Mykhaylyk
,
S.
Edmondson
,
A.
Vijayaraghavan
.
NPJ 2D Materials and Applications
5
,
545
570
(
2021
).
This content is only available via PDF.
Published open access through an agreement with Chalmers tekniska hogskola AB