The 10th edition of the Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells took place in November 2022, as a live event in Genk Belgium, but also including online participants. Despite various safety measures related to the Covid 19 pandemic, the event reached its goals of networking and of knowledge sharing in these technologically important fields. Scientific contributions were presented on various relevant topics including high throughput printing, electroplating, soldering and interconnector bonding. A common theme was the search towards metallization and interconnection solutions for next generation solar cell concepts that drastically reduce the consumption of metals that are limited in supply, notably silver, and are compatible with the extremely high output manufacturing scenarios of the anticipated Terawatt era.

1.
J. C.
Goldschmidt
,
L.
Wagner
,
R.
Pietzcker
and
L.
Friedrich
,
Technological learning for resource efficient terawatt scale photovoltaics
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5147
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2021
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2.
A.
Lennon
,
M.
Lunardi
,
B.
Hallam
and
P. R.
Dias
,
The aluminium demand risk of terawatt photovoltaics for net zero emissions by 2050
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Nature Sustainability
(
2022
).
3.
S.
Glunz
,
B.
Steinhauser
,
J.-I.
Polzin
,
C.
Luderer
,
B.
Grübel
,
T.
Niewelt
,
A.
Okasha
,
M.
Bories
,
H.
Nagel
,
K.
Krieg
,
F.
Feldmann
,
A.
Richter
,
M.
Bivour
and
M.
Hermle
,
Silicon-based passivating contacts: The TOPCon route
,
Progress in Photovoltaics
,
1-19
(
2021
).
4.
Y.
Liu
,
Y.
Li
,
Y.
Wu
,
G.
Yang
,
L.
Mazzarella
,
P.
Procel-Moya
,
A. C.
Tamboli
,
K.
Weber
,
M.
Boccard
,
O.
Isabella
,
X.
Yang
and
B.
Sun
,
High-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells: Materials, devices and applications
,
Materials Science & Engineering R
,
142
,
100579
(
2020
).
5.
M.
Bivour
,
C.
Messmer
,
L.
Tutsch
,
S.
Pingel
,
E.
Gervais
,
D.
Erath
,
T.
Hatt
,
J.
Schube
,
K.
Gensowski
,
M.
Jahn
,
T.
Rössler
,
A.
Lorenz
,
J.
Bartsch
,
S.
Nold
,
A.
Kraft
,
J. C.
Goldschmidt
,
F.
Clement
and
M.
Hermle
,
Challenges and perspectives for the TCO and metal electrodes in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells: Performance and scalability
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
6.
M.
Bivour
,
C.
Messmer
,
L.
Tutsch
,
S.
Pingel
,
E.
Gervais
,
D.
Erath
,
T.
Hatt
,
J.
Schube
,
K.
Gensowski
,
M.
Jahn
,
T.
Rössler
,
A.
Lorenz
,
J.
Bartsch
,
S.
Nold
,
A.
Kraft
,
J. C.
Goldschmidt
,
F.
Clement
and
M.
Hermle
,
Challenges and perspectives for the TCO and metal electrodes in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells: Performance and scalability
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
7.
K. Abdel
Aal
,
M.
Ailinger
and
N.
Willenbacher
,
Effect of the addition of a slip agent to the bulk phase on the paste transfer properties of solar cell frontside metallization pastes
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
8.
E.
Krassowski
,
D.
Hevisov
,
Turek
,
Marko
and
S.
Großer
,
Investigation of impact of cell properties on LECO effectiveness using PERC-cells of different manufacturers on MK4 platform
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
9.
E.
Krassowski
,
D.
Hevisov
,
S.
Großer
and
M.
Turek
,
Investigation of impact of cell properties on LECO effectiveness using off-spec PERC-cells of different manufacturers on MK4 platform
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
10.
D.
Rudolph
,
R.
Farneda
,
T.
Timofte
,
A.
Halm
,
J.
Libal
,
Chen
,
Ning
,
F.
Buchholz
,
I.
Rosen
,
M.
Grouchko
and
O.
Shochet
,
Screen printable, non-fire-through copper paste applied as busbar metallization for back contact solar cells
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
11.
D.
Rudolph
,
R.
Farneda
,
T.
Timofte
,
A.
Halm
,
N.
Chen
,
J.
Libal
,
F.
Buchholz
,
I.
Rosen
,
M.
Grouchko
and
O.
Shochet
,
Screen printable, non-fire-through copper paste applied as busbar metallization for back contact solar cells
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
12.
M.
Galiazzo
and
N.
Frasson
,
Evaluation of different approaches for HJT cells metallization based on low temperature Cu paste
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
13.
N.
Frasson
and
M.
Galiazzo
,
Evaluation of different approaches for HJT cells metallization based on low temperature copper paste
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
14.
M.
Deng
and
V.
Subramanian
,
Paste formulation and its curing behavior withCu-Ag core-shell nanoparticles for the contacts of solar cell
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
15.
A.
Lorenz
,
M.
Klawitter
,
M.
Linse
,
M.
Salimi
,
J.
Reiner
,
K.
Oehrle
,
S.
Tepner
,
R.
Greutmann
,
O.
Vetter
,
J.
Röth
,
L.
Sänger
,
M.
Drews
,
K.
Muramatsu
,
S.
Ikarashi
and
F.
Clement
,
Progress with rotary screen printed fine line metallization for silicon heterojunction solar cells
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
16.
M.
Pospischil
,
J.
Meda
,
M.
Mosig
,
N.
Heuser
,
F.
Heitmann
,
S.
Molinero
,
C.
Djimgou
,
M.
Weil
,
E.
Milione
,
I.
Lacmago
,
T.
Müller
,
K.
Gensowski
,
E.
Bujnoch
,
A.
Jimenez
,
S.
Pingel
,
S.
Tepner
,
Clement
,
F.
,
M.
Kuchler
and
M.
Breitenbücher
,
Fully automated intermittent parallel dispensing
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
17.
A.
Faes
,
H.
Watanabe
,
J.
Champliaud
,
N.
Badel
,
J.
Levrat
,
J.
Zhao
,
J.
Escarré-Palou
,
G.
Cattaneo
,
B.
Paviet-Salomon
,
L.-L.
Senaud
,
A.
Lachowicz
,
P.
Wyss
,
C.
Allebé
,
G.
Christmann
,
A.
Descœudres
,
J.
Geissbühler
,
H.
Li
,
M.
Despeisse
and
C.
Ballif
,
Ink-jet printing on silicon heterojunction: From cell power to module reliability
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
18.
J.
Paschen
,
O.
John
,
A.
Nägele
,
G.
Emanuel
and
J. F.
Nekarda
,
FOILMET®-Connect: Upgrading adhesion by employment of LMB
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
19.
J.
Paschen
,
A.
Nägele
,
O.
John
,
G.
Emanuel
and
J. F.
Nekarda
,
FoilMet®-Connect: Upgrading adhesion by the application of employment of Laser Metal Bonding
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
20.
J. J. Diaz
Leon
,
S.
Libraro
,
A.
Ingenito
,
C.
Allebé
,
S.
Hübner
,
T.
Dippell
,
A.
Descoeudres
,
S.
Nicolay
,
C.
Ballif
and
B. Paviet
Salomon
,
Sputtered polySi(n) passivating contacts compatible with direct metallization
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
21.
J. J. Diaz
Leon
,
S.
Libraro
,
A.
Ingenito
,
C.
Allebé
,
S.
Hübner
,
T.
Dippell
,
A.
Descoeudres
,
S.
Nicolay
,
C.
Ballif
and
B.
Paviet-Salomon
,
Sputtered polySi(n) passivating contacts compatible with direct metallization
These proceedings
(
2022
).
22.
P.
Padhamnath
,
N.
Nampalli
,
J.
Werner
,
A. G.
Aberle
and
S.
Duttagupta
,
Modelling of contact resistivity of fire-through Ag-Al contacts to B-doped polysilicon layers
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
23.
P.
Padhamnath
,
N.
Nampalli
,
J.
Werner
,
A. G.
Aberle
and
S.
Duttagupta
,
Modeling of contact resistivity of fire-through Ag-Al contacts to boron doped LPCVD polysilicon layers
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
24.
T.
Hatt
,
J.
Bartsch
,
S.
Schellinger
,
M.
Jahn
,
L.
Tutsch
,
A.
Brand
,
N.
Schröer
,
E.
Schultze
and
M.
Glatthaar
,
Copper electroplating for SHJ Solar Cells – Adequate contact by electrolyte tuning
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
25.
A.
Lachowicz
,
N.
Badel
,
J.
Gay
,
G.
Andreatta
,
N.
Blondiaux
,
A.
Faes
,
P.
Wyss
,
J.
Geissbühler
,
J. J. Diaz
Leon
,
J.
Zhao
,
A.
Descoeudres
,
B.
Paviet-Salomon
and
C.
Ballif
,
Reinforcement of screen-printed copper paste by electrodeposited copper for metallization of silicon heterojunction solar cells
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
26.
C.
Schmiga
,
B.
Grübel
,
G.
Cimiotti
,
S.
Schellinger
,
V.
Arya
,
T.
Hatt
,
S.
Kluska
,
M.
Kamp
,
M.
Passig
,
M.
Sieber
and
D.
Brunner
,
23.8 % Efficient Bifacial i-TOPCon Silicon Solar Cells with <20 µm Wide Ni/Cu/Ag-Plated Contact Fingers
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
27.
C.
Han
,
G.
Yang
,
D.
O'Connor
,
Y.
Zhao
,
A.
Gopalakrishnan
,
L.
Cao
,
P.
Procel
,
X.
Zhang
,
M.
Zeman
,
L.
Mazzarella
and
O.
Isabella
,
Controllable simultaneous bifacial Cu-plating for high efficiency c-Si solar cells
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
28.
L. C.
Rendler
,
A.
Beinert
,
A.
Pfreundt
,
M.
Mittag
and
A.
Kraft
,
Wave shaped wires for the interconnection of silicon solar cells without busbars or contact pads
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
29.
L. C.
Rendler
,
A.
Pfreundt
,
M.
Mittag
,
A.
Kraft
and
D. H.
Neuhaus
,
Wave-shaped wires for the interconnection of silicon solar cells without pads or busbars
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
30.
M. I.
Devoto
,
T.
Timofte
,
A.
Halm
and
D.
Tune
,
Contact resistivity of ECA-based joints: How to extrapolate it?
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
31.
M. I.
Devoto
,
T.
Timofte
,
A.
Halm
and
D.
Tune
,
Contact resistivity of ECA bonded joints: How to extrapolate it?
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
32.
M.
Estruga
,
G.
Galbiati
,
T.
Köhler
,
L.
Theunissen
,
B.
Willems
,
A.
Ryzhova
,
R.
Fang
,
Y.
Liu
,
J.
Burke
,
I.
Wilding
,
P.
Chaudhuri
and
A.
Henckens
,
Acrylate-, epoxy-and silicone-based electrically conductive adhesives as interconnection material in shingled module technology
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2022
).
33.
V.
Nikitina
,
T.
Rößler
,
N. Abdel
Latif
,
C.
Kaiser
,
P.
Gebhardt
and
A.
Kraft
,
High speed characterization of electrically conductive adhesives for industrial SHJ solar cell ribbon interconnection
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
34.
V.
Nikitina
,
T.
Roessler
,
N. Abdel
Latif
,
P.
Gebhardt
and
A.
Kraft
,
High-speed characterization of electrically conductive adhesives for industrial SHJ solar cell interconnection
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
35.
V.
Barth
,
R.
Soulas
,
P.
Berthelemy
,
C.
Lucas
,
R.
Monna
,
B.
Hladys
,
A.
Bettinelli
,
R.
de Almeida
,
X.
Hernandez
,
A.
Apraiz
,
J.-P.
Aguerre
,
A.
Ragonesi
and
C.
Lorenzo
,
Electrically Conductive Adhesive industrial strategy approach for HJT solar cells
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
36.
M.
Lang
,
G.
Oreski
,
P.
Fuchs
,
E.
Helfer
,
A.
Halm
and
M.
Klenk
,
FEM simulation of deformation and stresses in strings of shingled solar cells under mechanical and thermal loading
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
37.
M.
Lang
,
G.
Oreski
,
E.
Helfer
,
A.
Halm
,
M.
Klenk
and
P.
Fuchs
,
FEM simulation of deformations and stresses in strings of shingled solar cells under mechanical and thermal loading
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
38.
D.
von Kutzleben
,
T.
Rößler
,
N.
Klasen
,
V.
Nikitina
,
P.
Baliozian
,
A.
Münzer
,
E.
Fokuhl
and
A.
Kraft
,
Progress in shingle interconnection based on electrically conductive adhesives at Fraunhofer ISE
,
Presentation at 10th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(
2021
).
39.
T.
Rößler
,
D.
von Kutzleben
,
N.
Klasen
,
V.
Nikitina
,
P.
Baliozian
,
A.
Münzer
,
E.
Fokuhl
and
A.
Kraft
,
Progress in shingle interconnection based on electrically conductive adhesives at Fraunhofer ISE
,
These proceedings
(
2022
).
40.
G.
Schubert
,
G.
Beaucarne
and
J.
Hoornstra
,
The Future of Metallization – Results from Questionnaires of the Four Workshops from 2008 to 2013
,
Energy Procedia
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(
2013
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41.
G.
Schubert
,
G.
Beaucarne
and
J.
Hoornstra
,
The Future of Metallization – Forecast of the Experts of the 5th Metallization Workshop
,
Energy Procedia
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67
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(
2015
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Schubert
,
G.
Beaucarne
,
L.
Tous
and
J.
Hoornstra
,
The Future of Metallization – Forecast of the Experts of the 6th Metallization Workshop
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Energy Procedia
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(
2016
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G.
Schubert
,
G.
Beaucarne
,
L.
Tous
and
J.
Hoornstra
,
Results of the Survey Conducted During 7th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
,
SSRN proceedings
(
2017
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44.
G.
Beaucarne
,
L.
Tous
,
J.
Lossen
and
G.
Schubert
,
Summary of the 9th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
,
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