The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis on the intestinal microbial community and growth performance profiles of common carp. The probiotic was isolated from local soils using PCR for amplification of 16S rDNA and added to the diet in a dose of ∼107 CFU g-1. The feeding trial was carried out for six weeks. A total of 64 fish (77.2 ± 0.86 g) were randomly divided into two groups: control group (basal diet) and experimental group. The results of microbiology revealed that the resident total viable count (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were significantly decreased in the probiotic fed fish group compared to the control group, while the TVC in the digesta samples was significantly increased in the probiotic fed fish compared to the control group. The results of growth performance profiles were not influenced by probiotic diet. The results of the present study, demonstrate a potential effect for B. subtilis to modulate intestinal microbiota of common carp.
REFERENCES
1.
Ahmadifar
, E.
, Moghadam
, M. S.
, Dawood
, M. A.
, & Hoseinifar
, S. H.
(2019
). Lactobacillus fermentum and/or ferulic acid improved the immune responses, antioxidative defence and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings
. Fish & Shellfish Immunology
, 94
, 916
–923
.2.
Ahmadifar
, E.
, Sadegh
, T. H.
, Dawood
, M. A.
, Dadar
, M.
, & Sheikhzadeh
, N.
(2020
). The effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on growth performance, hemato-immunological parameters and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio
). Aquaculture
, 516
, 734656
.3.
Al-Harbi
, A. H.
, & Uddin
, M. N.
(2004
). Seasonal variation in the intestinal bacterial flora of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusx Oreochromis aureus) cultured in earthen ponds in Saudi Arabia
. Aquaculture
, 229
(1-4
), 37
–44
.4.
Al-Harbi
, A. H.
, & Uddin
, M. N.
(2012
). Bacterial content in the intestine of frozen common carp Cyprinus carpio
. African Journal of Biotechnology
, 11
(30
), 7751
–7755
.5.
Al-Hisnawi
, A. A.
, Mustafa
, J. M.
, Yasser
, Y. K.
, Hussain
, K. A.
, & Jabur
, A. M.
(2016
). Influence of aquatic environment on microbiota of Liopropoma santi fish in a local river in Iraq
. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
, 2
(1
), 41
–45
.6.
Al-Hisnawi
, A.
, Rodiles
, A.
, Rawling
, M. D.
, Castex
, M.
, Waines
, P.
, Gioacchini
, G.
, & Merrifield
, D. L.
(2019
). Dietary probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M modulates the intestinal microbiota and stimulates intestinal immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss
). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
, 50
(6
), 1133
–1151
.7.
Allameh
, S. K.
, Ringo
, E.
, Yusoff
, F. M.
, Daud
, H. M.
, & Ideris
, A.
(2014
). Properties of Enterococcus faecalis, a new probiotic bacterium isolated from the intestine of snakehead fish (Channa striatus Bloch
). African Journal of Microbiology Research
, 8
(22
), 2215
–2222
.8.
Aly
, S. M.
, Ahmed
, Y. A. G.
, Ghareeb
, A. A. A.
, & Mohamed
, M. F.
(2008
). Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections
. Fish & Shellfish Immunology
, 25
(1-2
), 128
–136
.9.
Cao
, H.
, Yu
, R.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Hu
, B.
, Jian
, S.
, Wen
, C.
, … & Yang
, G.
(2019
). Effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucan and Bacillus subtilis on growth, fillet quality, immune capacity, and antioxidant status of Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze
). Aquaculture
, 508
, 106
–112
.10.
Das
, A.
, Acharya
, S.
, Behera
, B. K.
, Paria
, P.
, Bhowmick
, S.
, Parida
, P. K.
, & Das
, B. K.
(2018
). Isolation, identification and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae from infected farmed Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) in West Bengal, India
. Aquaculture
, 482
, 111
–116
.11.
Dutilh
, B. E.
, Neveling
, K.
, Kwint
, M. P.
, Veltman
, J. A.
, Flik
, G.
, Jetten
, M. S.
, & den Camp
Op
, H. J. (2011
). Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons to study the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of carp (Cyprinus carpio L
.). AMB Express
, 1
, 41
–41
.12.
Dawood
, M. A.
, Koshio
, S.
, & Esteban
, M. A.
(2018
). Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review
. Reviews in Aquaculture
, 10
(4
), 950
–974
.13.
Elshaghabee
, F. M.
, Rokana
, N.
, Gulhane
, R. D.
, Sharma
, C.
, & Panwar
, H.
(2017
). Bacillus as potential probiotics: status, concerns, and future perspectives
. Frontiers in Microbiology
, 8
, 1490
.14.
FAO
, (2013
). Fishstate plus: Universal software for fishery statistical time series
(available at: www.fao.org/fi/statist/fisoft/fishplus.asp).15.
Hagi
, T.
, Tanaka
, D.
, Iwamura
, Y.
, & Hoshino
, T.
(2004
). Diversity and seasonal changes in lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of cultured freshwater fish
. Aquaculture
, 234
(1-4
), 335
–346
.16.
Kaktcham
, P. M.
, Temgoua
, J. B.
, Zambou
, F. N.
, Diaz-Ruiz
, G.
, Wacher
, C.
, & de Lourdes
Perez-Chabela
, M. (2017
). Quantitative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of rearing environment, tilapia and common carp cultured in earthen ponds and inhibitory activity of its lactic acid bacteria on fish spoilage and pathogenic bacteria
. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
, 33
(2
), 32
.17.
Koliaee
, Z.
, Aberoumand
, A.
, & Ziaei-Nejad
, S.
(2016
). The effect of probiotic Bacillus subtilis bacteria extracted from the intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on growth performance and survival of the fish
. Journal of Aquaculture Development
, 10
(2
), 108
–99
.18.
Meng
, X. L.
, Li
, S.
, Qin
, C. B.
, Zhu
, Z. X.
, Hu
, W. P.
, Yang
, L. P.
, & Nie
, G. X.
(2018
). Intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism responses in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) following copper exposure
. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
, 160
, 257
–264
.19.
Merrifield
, D. L.
, Dimitroglou
, A.
, Foey
, A.
, Davies
, S. J.
, Baker
, R. T.
, Bogwald
, J.
, & Ringo
, E.
(2010a
). The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids
. Aquaculture
, 302
(1-2
), 1
–18
.20.
Merrifield
, D. L.
, Dimitroglou
, A.
, Bradley
, G.
, Baker
, R. T. M.
, & Davies
, S. J.
(2010
). Probiotic applications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) I. Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria
. Aquaculture Nutrition
, 16
(5
), 504
–510
.21.
Mo
, W. Y.
, Chen
, Z.
, Leung
, H. M.
, & Leung
, A. O. W.
(2017
). Application of veterinary antibiotics in China's aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks
. Environmental Science and Pollution Research
, 24
(10
), 8978
–8989
.22.
Nayak
, S.K.
, (2010
). Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish
. Aquaculture Research
41
, 1553
–1573
.23.
Oliveira
, R. V.
, Peixoto
, P. G.
, Ribeiro
, D. D. C.
, Araujo
, M. C.
, do
Santos
, C. T. B., Hayashi
, C.
, & Pelli
, A.
(2014
). Klebsiella pneumoniae as a main cause of infection in Nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio (carp) by inadequate handling
. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology
, 7
(2
), 86
–88
.24.
Ramos
, M. A.
, Weber
, B.
, Goncalves
, J. F.
, Santos
, G. A.
, Rema
, P.
, & Ozório
, R. O. A.
(2013
). Dietary probiotic supplementation modulated gut microbiota and improved growth of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss
). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
, 166
(2
), 302
–307
.25.
Ringo
, E.
, Andersen
, R.
, Sperstad
, S.
, Zhou
, Z.
, Ren
, P.
, Breines
, E. M.
, … & Andreassen
, A. K.
(2014
). Bacterial community of koumiss from Mongolia investigated by culture and culture-independent methods
. Food Biotechnology
, 28
(4
), 333
–353
.26.
Standen
, B. T.
, Rodiles
, A.
, Peggs
, D. L.
, Davies
, S. J.
, Santos
, G. A.
, & Merrifield
, D. L.
(2015
). Modulation of the intestinal microbiota and morphology of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following the application of a multi-species probiotic
. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
, 99
(20
), 8403
–8417
.27.
Uddin
, N.
, & Al-Harbi
, A. H.
(2012
). Bacterial flora of polycultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus
). International Aquatic Research
, 4
(1
), 10
.28.
Wang
, Y. B.
, Li
, J. R.
, & Lin
, J.
(2008
). Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook
. Aquaculture
, 281
(1-4
), 1
–4
.29.
Wang
, L.
, Ge
, C.
, Wang
, J.
, Dai
, J.
, Zhang
, P.
, & Li
, Y.
(2017
). Effects of different combinations of Bacillus on immunity and antioxidant activities in common carp
. Aquaculture International
, 25
(6
), 2091
–2099
.
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2020 Author(s).
2020
Author(s)
